Abstract: The invention provides compositions for forming a hydrophobic or superhydrophobic material, the composition comprising a polyol component having at least two hydroxyl groups per molecule on average; an isocyanate component having at least two isocyanate groups per molecule on average; a single population of nanoparticles having a particle size less than 1 pm; and a solvent; wherein the population of nanoparticles represents at least 5 wt. % of the total of the polyol component, isocyanate component, and population of nanoparticles. The invention also provides hydrophobic or superhydrophobic materials formed from the compositions of the invention, and methods or kits for forming such materials.