Abstract: Systems and methods for generating longitudinally modulated (micro-bunched) electron bunches and for generating coherent radiation by the emission from relativistic electrons with a density that is longitudinally modulated (micro-bunched) with a spatial dimension that is significantly below the wavelength of the emitted radiation. The light source includes a high-brightness relativistic electron beam that interacts in a magnetic structure (linear or helical undulator or wiggler) or an electromagnetic structure with a pulse of high-power electro-magnetic wave (modulation laser pulse). The interaction leads to a large energy-modulation of the electron bunch which is transformed into a spatial modulation by an energy-dispersive element that can be the same undulator.

Abstract: A method of measuring a stress-strain curve in a cell-cell adhesion interface, the method including: providing a structure including a first movable island supported by a first beam, a second movable island supported by a second beam, and a gap therebetween connected by a pair of cells forming a junction, the pair of cells comprising a cell-cell adhesion interface having an initial length defined by a distance between nuclei of the pair of cells; moving the second movable island with a defined displacement; determining a displacement of the first movable island based on moving the second movable island; calculating a difference between the displacement of the first movable island and the defined displacement of the second movable island based on moving the second movable island; determining an applied strain in the cell-cell adhesion interface between the pair of cells based on the difference divided by the initial length of the cell-cell adhesion interface; calculating a force between the cell-cell adhesion

Abstract: A method of measuring a stress-strain curve in a sample, the method including: providing a structure including a first movable island supported by a first beam, a second movable island supported by a second beam, and a gap therebetween connected by a sample, the sample including an initial length; moving the second movable island with a defined displacement; determining a displacement of the first movable island based on moving the second movable island; calculating a difference between the displacement of the first movable island and the defined displacement of the second movable island based on moving the second movable island; determining an applied strain in the sample based on the difference divided by the initial length of the sample; calculating a force on the sample based on the displacement of the first movable island; calculating a stress on the sample based on the force; and determining the stress-strain curve of the sample by plotting the calculated stress against the applied strain.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for preparing an ordered cell-containing microarray, and a system for preparing an ordered cell-containing microarray.

Abstract: A method of measuring a stress-strain curve in a cell-cell adhesion interface, the method including: providing a structure including a first movable island supported by a first beam, a second movable island supported by a second beam, and a gap therebetween connected by a pair of cells forming a junction, the pair of cells comprising a cell-cell adhesion interface having an initial length defined by a distance between nuclei of the pair of cells; moving the second movable island with a defined displacement; determining a displacement of the first movable island based on moving the second movable island; calculating a difference between the displacement of the first movable island and the defined displacement of the second movable island based on moving the second movable island; determining an applied strain in the cell-cell adhesion interface between the pair of cells based on the difference divided by the initial length of the cell-cell adhesion interface; calculating a force between the cell-cell adhesion