Abstract: An apparatus can include a triply periodic minimal surface. The apparatus can include a 3D scaffold formed from the triply periodic minimal surface. The apparatus can include one or more channels formed by the 3D scaffold. A method of forming a gas exchange unit can include printing a 3D scaffold formed from a triply periodic minimal surface. The 3D scaffold can include a vascular network configured to conduct a fluid. The 3D scaffold can include one or more channels configured to hold a gas. The vascular network can be embedded inside walls of the 3D scaffold. The one or more channels can be positioned between the walls of the 3D scaffold.

Abstract: The systems and methods of the present disclosure can be used to generate systems and models that are physiologically relevant to the human and animal system. These physiological conditions can be designed to mimic the actual human condition for cell differentiation and proliferation. The system and methods of this present disclosure allow the formation of an appropriate biomaterial to mimic that which exists in a human or animal scaffold. Utilizing 3D printing technology, a hydrogel scaffold can be printed at various resolution very close to human physiological geometry. Additionally, the architecture can be optimized for the selected application and appropriate cells can be seeded on the scaffold prior to testing.

Abstract: An additive manufacturing device includes an output device and a controller. The output device is configured to receive at least one material to generate a component. The controller includes one or more processors configured to receive a model including a plurality of pixels representing the component, identify at least one pixel of the plurality of pixels corresponding to a first surface of the component, modify the model to adjust an exposure corresponding to the at least one pixel based on a target exposure, and control operation of the output device to cause the output device to generate the component based on the modified model.