Abstract: Electronic inks are disclosed herein. An example of the electronic ink includes a non-polar carrier fluid, a colorant particle dispersion, and a charge director. The colorant particle dispersion includes another non-polar carrier fluid (which may be the same as, or different from the non-polar carrier fluid), colorant particles, and chargeable dispersant molecules bonded to the colorant particles. The charge director is to charge the chargeable dispersant molecules.

Abstract: Electronic inks are disclosed herein. An example of the electronic ink includes a non-polar carrier fluid, a colorant particle dispersion, and a charge director. The colorant particle dispersion includes another non-polar carrier fluid (which may be the same as, or different from the non-polar carrier fluid), colorant particles, and chargeable dispersant molecules bonded to the colorant particles. The charge director is to charge the chargeable dispersant molecules.

Abstract: A compound is disclosed. The compound has the general structure: wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons including nitrogen in the carbon backbone, and hydrocarbons including oxygen in the carbon backbone; wherein R1 and R2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, linear hydrocarbons, branched hydrocarbons, and cyclic hydrocarbons and wherein R1 and R2 are not both hydrogen; wherein X is selected from the group consisting of CH2, O, N—R3, S, and nothing and wherein R3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, branched hydrocarbons, linear hydrocarbons, and cyclic hydrocarbons; wherein m is an integer between 1 and 50, inclusive; wherein n is an integer between 1 and 10,000, inclusive; and wherein p, q, and z are each independently an integer greater than 0.

Abstract: A method of driving a display, the method comprising applying a switching voltage to the display, the switching voltage causing an amount of electrically charged pigment particles to be compacted into a number of wells defined in a dielectric layer in the display, applying a transition waveform to the display, and applying a holding voltage to the display.

Abstract: A compound is disclosed. The compound has the general structure: wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons including nitrogen in the carbon backbone, and hydrocarbons including oxygen in the carbon backbone; wherein R1 and R2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, linear hydrocarbons, branched hydrocarbons, and cyclic hydrocarbons and wherein R1 and R2 are not both hydrogen; wherein X is selected from the group consisting of CH2, O, N—R3, S, and nothing and wherein R3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, branched hydrocarbons, linear hydrocarbons, and cyclic hydrocarbons; wherein m is an integer between 1 and 50, inclusive; wherein n is an integer between 1 and 10,000, inclusive; and wherein p, q, and z are each independently an integer greater than 0.

Abstract: A static electronic display employs pixels having a plurality of subpixels that exhibit one of a minimum intensity and a maximum intensity of an intensity range of the image. The static electronic display includes an array of the pixels of an electrode patterned to represent image pixels of the image. A relative number of minimum intensity subpixels and maximum intensity subpixels of each pixel in the array corresponds to an intensity level of a corresponding image pixel of the image.

Abstract: Electro-optical display systems are disclosed. An electro-optical display system may include a display volume containing a fluid having a plurality of colorant particles; a dielectric layer adjacent the display volume, the dielectric layer including recessed regions configured to contain the plurality of colorant particles; a plurality of electrodes configured to selectively move the plurality of colorant particles between a compacted position in which all or nearly all of the plurality of colorant particles are in the recessed regions, and a spread position in which all or nearly all of the plurality of colorant particles are spread across the display volume; and at least one color filter configured to absorb at least one wavelength of light.

Abstract: A multi-stable electrophoretic display device has a plurality of pixels and comprises a first substrate and a second substrate. The substrates are spaced apart from each other and enclose a layer of an electrophoretic medium comprising a liquid crystal material having finely divided pigment particles dispersed therein. The device further comprises electrodes for formation of a pixel area outline and applying an electric field across at least some of the electrophoretic medium in the pixel area. The electrodes occupy substantially less than the entire field of view of the display pixels and can be used to effect switching between a first optical state in which most incident light on a pixel does not impinge on a pigment particle, and a second optical state in which most incident light on a pixel impinges on pigment particles.

Abstract: Electro-optical display systems are disclosed. An electro-optical display system may include a display volume containing a fluid having a plurality of colorant particles; a dielectric layer adjacent the display volume, the dielectric layer including recessed regions configured to contain the plurality of colorant particles; a plurality of electrodes configured to selectively move the plurality of colorant particles between a compacted position in which all or nearly all of the plurality of colorant particles are in the recessed regions, and a spread position in which all or nearly all of the plurality of colorant particles are spread across the display volume; and at least one color filter configured to absorb at least one wavelength of light.

Abstract: A multi-stable electrophoretic display device has a plurality of pixels and comprises a first substrate and a second substrate. The substrates are spaced apart from each other and enclose a layer of an electrophoretic medium comprising a liquid crystal material having finely divided pigment particles dispersed therein. The device further comprises electrodes for formation of a pixel area outline and applying an electric field across at least some of the electrophoretic medium in the pixel area. The electrodes occupy substantially less than the entire field of view of the display pixels and can be used to effect switching between a first optical state in which most incident light on a pixel does not impinge on a pigment particle, and a second optical state in which most incident light on a pixel impinges on pigment particles.

Abstract: An electrophoretic display apparatus includes an array of cells each comprising first and second electrodes and a plurality of electrophoretic particles disposed between the electrodes, wherein the particles are dispersed in a host fluid and are multistable in positions between the electrodes; and drive circuitry in electrical communication with each of the electrodes. The drive electronics are configured to transition addressed cells of the array from a first optical state to a second optical state with a plurality of successive write signals.

Abstract: An embodiment includes determining a temperature change of a fluid-ejecting substrate, and determining a mass of fluid ejected from the fluid-ejecting substrate from the temperature change of the fluid-ejecting substrate.

Abstract: An alignment layer is provided over liquid crystals for a display. Alignment marks are laser-written on the alignment layer, such that the liquid crystals become aligned with one another.