Abstract: An improved goniophotometer for determining the gloss and/or haze of a surface is disclosed. The device comprises a light source, one or more convex lenses for illuminating the surface, a field stop in the image plane of the light source, a light detector, and a rotatably mounted mirror located between the surface and the field stop. Whereas prior art goniophotometers translated the field stop through the reflected beam in order to measure the beam profile, such an arrangement required an additional positive lens placed after the field stop for uniform illumination of the (fixed) light detector in order to avoid errors in measurement resulting from locally varying sensitivity of the detector. By using a rotationally scanned mirror before the field stop, the need for means to translate the field stop as well as the need for the additional positive lens is made unnecessary.

Abstract: Binders which comprise (A) an aqueous emulsion of a copolymer A, having a glass transition temperature of 0-50.degree. C., of monoolefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid esters, with or without styrene, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride and acrylonitrile, which copolymer contains, as copolymerized units, small amounts of monoolefinically unsaturated monocarboxylic acids and/or dicarboxylic acids and/or their amides (of which the nitrogen atoms may or may not be alkyl-substituted and/or alkylol-substituted) and small amounts of monomers containing carbonyl groups, (B) from 0.05 to 1 mole, per mole of carbonyl groups present in the copolymer A, of a water-soluble aliphatic dihydrazine compound and (C) from 0 to 0.

Abstract: Films obtained from paints based on conventional aqueous polymer dispersions exhibit improved wet adhesion to alkyd resin-coated substrates and improved blocking resistance if the paints contain polyglycidylamines which carry 2 or more glycidyl groups which are bonded to hydrogen-free nitrogens.

Abstract: Aqueous dispersions of carbonyl-containing copolymers, which dispersions contain from 0.02 to 1 mole, per mole of carbonyl group, of organic hydrazine derivatives possessing 2 or more hydrazine radicals, and from 0.0002 to 0.02 mole, per mole of the hydrazine derivatives, of heavy metal ions give coatings, impregnations and finishes which are particularly easy to cross-link.