Abstract: This specification describes techniques for seizure detection in mammals. A first set of electrodes is used to stimulate a region of a brain of a mammal, and an electrical signal sensed by a second subset of electrodes is acquired during stimulation. The electrical signal is segmented into time-segmented portions according to a value of a time parameter. For each time-segmented portion of the electrical signal, a power is determined for the portion of the signal within a frequency band defined by a value of a frequency parameter. A classifier is used to classify the time-segmented portion of the signal as seizure positive or seizure negative based on the determined power within the frequency band. The values of the time and frequency parameters can result in the classifier achieving an effective level of performance defined by an area under a precision-recall curve (AU-PRC) for the classifier of at least 0.5.

Abstract: Systems and methods for predicting and managing seizures in an individual are disclosed. In one aspect, a method for predicting and managing seizures in an individual. In another aspect, a system comprising an implanted device configured to capture at least one measurement of an impedance of brain tissue of an individual and a computing device configured to. in response to a prediction that the individual is likely to experience a seizure, initiate a remedial action that comprises at least one of alerting the individual or another user that the individual is likely to experience the seizure, applying an electrical stimulus to the brain tissue of the individual to reduce a likelihood of the seizure occurring or to reduce a severity of the seizure, or delivering a drug to the brain tissue of the individual to reduce a likelihood of the seizure occurring or to reduce a severity of the seizure.

Abstract: Multiscale brain electrodes can be used for spatiotemporal mapping, probing, and therapeutic modulation of the human brain. The applications for such functional mapping and electrical stimulation modulation span, for example, neurological and psychiatric diseases, and brain rehabilitation.

Abstract: Verbal memory impairment is a common symptom of temporal lobe epilepsy (“TLE”). The ability to encode and recall verbal memories can be probed with the classic free recall task. This study had three overarching hypotheses: 1) increased seizure frequency will lead to decreased verbal memory, 2) stimulation will modulate memory performance, and 3) stimulation will modulate the underlying neural correlates of memory. The study investigated these hypotheses in patients receiving chronic DBS to bilateral ANT. Recordings were obtained from individuals with drug resistant mesial TLE implanted with an investigational MEDTRONIC SUMMIT RC+S™ sensing and stimulation device. As patient seizure diaries are notoriously inaccurate, the patient's continuous local field potential (“cLFP”) was scored for seizures using a validated seizure classifier with trained epileptologist review, resulting in a reliable seizure diary.

Abstract: Methods for modulating the release and content of extracellular vesicles from target cells using electrical stimulation are provided. Compositions comprising extracellular vesicles or extracts of extracellular vesicles and methods of administering the compositions to a subject are also provided.

Abstract: Seizure onset can be forecast in subjects from subcutaneous electroencephalography (EEG) data input to a trained machine learning algorithm. A multi-stage training process is used to train the machine learning algorithm. A first stage of the training process is implemented on scalp-recorded EEG data. A second stage of the training process may be implemented on subcutaneously recorded EEG data.

Abstract: Methods for modulating the release and content of extracellular vesicles from target cells using electrical stimulation are provided. Compositions comprising extracellular vesicles or extracts of extracellular vesicles and methods of administering the compositions to a subject are also provided.

Abstract: This specification discloses systems, methods, devices, and other techniques for determining the location of a seizure-generating region of the brain of a mammal.

Abstract: This specification discloses a brain electrode device. The brain electrode device includes a set of contact points and a set of sub-circuits. The sub-circuits include sensor ports configured to connect to the contact to the respective ones of the contact points. The device can further include an intelligent multiplexer that aggregates signals from the set of sub-circuits and generates an aggregate signal. The aggregate signal is transmitted to a signal acquisition device.

Abstract: A behavioral state of a brain is classified by automatically selecting one or more sensors based on the signals received from each sensor and one or more selection criteria using one or more processors, calculating at least one measured value from the signal(s) of the selected sensor(s), classifying the behavioral state as: (a) an awake state whenever the measured value(s) for the selected sensor(s) is lower than a first threshold value, (b) a sleep state (N2) whenever the measured value(s) for the selected sensor(s) is equal to or greater than the first threshold value and the measured value(s) is not greater than a second threshold value, or (c) a slow wave sleep state (N3) whenever the measured value(s) from the selected sensor(s) is greater than the first threshold value and the measured value(s) is greater than the second threshold value, and providing a notification of the classified behavioral state.

Abstract: An electrode system is provided for sensing and/or stimulating a brain while reducing risk associated with the sensing and stimulation. The system is scalable to different numbers of contacts to span large areas of the brain. The system includes an electrode array made with a plurality of patches connected together physically and electrically. The array and/or each patch can have its own respective intelligent multiplexer and/or intelligent demultiplexer to aggregate the respective sense and/or stimulate signals, thereby reducing the wire count down to a single wire or wireless link. The array or each patch can have an embedded ground plane, thus minimizing the susceptibility to external EM noise. Moreover, the physical resolution of the array or each patch can be adjusted as needed.

Abstract: Occurrence of epileptic and other seizures are predicted or otherwise forecasted in ambulatory patients using a wrist-worn device and a trained machine learning algorithm. A multi-stage training process is used to train the machine learning algorithm. A first stage of the training process is implemented on EEG data obtained from bed-ridden, or otherwise non-ambulatory, subjects. A second stage of the training process may be implemented on EEG data obtained from ambulatory subjects. A third stage of the training process is implemented on a variety of data provided by a wrist-worn device. As an example, these data can include one or more of motion data (e.g., accelerometer data), skin temperature data, heart rate data, time of day, and so on. In some implementations, training data can be taken from early portions of each patient's wearable data, while testing results can be computed from the later portions, thereby skipping transfer learning steps.

Abstract: Described herein are methods and systems for clustering events in temporal signals, such as physiological signals. In some embodiments, a method for identifying events of interest from noisy physiological signal data is provided, the method comprising: receiving physiological signal data; generating filtered signal using a filter defined by a spectral band; generating signal peak data by identifying, for each of a plurality of time windows, a signal peak in the filtered data; grouping waveforms corresponding to the time windows based on the signal peak data to generate clustered event data; determining parameters for a noise beta distribution; identifying a cluster of waveforms that does not fall within the noise beta distribution; generating a graphical representation based on the waveforms in the cluster; and displaying the graphical representation.

Abstract: A cortical access system for delivering a medical tool into an epidural and/or subdural space and onto a patient's brain tissue through a cranium opening comprises: a turret including a proximal end portion, a distal end portion, and a first channel extending from an entrance opening to an exit opening, the first channel configured to guide the medical tool from the entrance opening to the exit opening for positioning on the patients brain tissue. The medical tool may be an electrode or an endoscope.

Abstract: Electrical stimulation of the brain in the lateral temporal cortex has been discovered to enhance memory performance. Also, consistent patterns of pupil response have been discovered to exist across and within distinct phases during encoding and recall of word lists and it is known that these pupillary changes also correlate with intracranial electrophysiologic activity. This document also describes systems and methods for enhancing memory and/or cognitive performance using these features as input for the delivery of electrical stimulation to the lateral temporal cortex of the brain.

Abstract: Methods for modulating the release and content of extracellular vesicles from target cells using electrical stimulation are provided. Compositions comprising extracellular vesicles or extracts of extracellular vesicles and methods of administering the compositions to a subject are also provided.

Abstract: A behavioral state of a brain is classified by automatically selecting one or more sensors based on the signals received from each sensor and one or more selection criteria using one or more processors, calculating at least one measured value from the signal(s) of the selected sensor(s), classifying the behavioral state as: (a) an awake state whenever the measured value(s) for the selected sensor(s) is lower than a first threshold value, (b) a sleep state (N2) whenever the measured value(s) for the selected sensor(s) is equal to or greater than the first threshold value and the measured value(s) is not greater than a second threshold value, or (c) a slow wave sleep state (N3) whenever the measured value(s) from the selected sensor(s) is greater than the first threshold value and the measured value(s) is greater than the second threshold value, and providing a notification of the classified behavioral state.

Abstract: This specification discloses systems, methods, devices, and other techniques for determining the location of a seizure-generating region of the brain of a mammal.

Abstract: Multiscale brain electrodes can be used for spatiotemporal mapping, probing, and therapeutic modulation of the human brain. The applications for such functional mapping and electrical stimulation modulation span, for example, neurological and psychiatric diseases, and brain rehabilitation.

Abstract: Described herein are methods and systems for clustering events in temporal signals, such as physiological signals. In some embodiments, a method for identifying events of interest from noisy physiological signal data is provided, the method comprising: receiving physiological signal data; generating filtered signal using a filter defined by a spectral band; generating signal peak data by identifying, for each of a plurality of time windows, a signal peak in the filtered data; grouping waveforms corresponding to the time windows based on the signal peak data to generate clustered event data; determining parameters for a noise beta distribution; identifying a cluster of waveforms that does not fall within the noise beta distribution; generating a graphical representation based on the waveforms in the cluster; and displaying the graphical representation.