Abstract: A process for manufacturing a device includes performing a plurality of non-bonding processes during at least one web-based manufacturing stage and during at least one sheet-based manufacturing stage. The processes may be performed by a plurality of modules. The modules may be independently controlled and/or monitored. The modules may be interchangeable. One or more modules may receive and/or pass material to another module. The devices that are manufactured may be a layered device, a smart card, a sensor, an actuator, an in vitro diagnostic device, a microfluidic device, or a laminar product. An apparatus for manufacturing device includes at least one web-based manufacturing component and at least one sheet-based manufacturing component. The at least one web-based manufacturing component and the at least one sheet-based manufacturing component are configured to perform a plurality of non-bonding processes.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing a device includes performing a plurality of non-bonding processes during at least one web-based manufacturing stage and during at least one sheet-based manufacturing stage. The processes may be performed by a plurality of modules. The modules may be independently controlled and/or monitored. The modules may be interchangeable. One or more modules may receive and/or pass material to another module. The devices that are manufactured may be a layered device, a smart card, a sensor, an actuator, an in vitro diagnostic device, a microfluidic device, or a laminar product. An apparatus for manufacturing device includes at least one web-based manufacturing component and at least one sheet-based manufacturing component. The at least one web-based manufacturing component and the at least one sheet-based manufacturing component are configured to perform a plurality of non-bonding processes.

Abstract: A fluid handling structure includes: an actuation area (03, 08) to control fluid flow within the structure; and a plurality of actuation components (09, 11, 12, 13) within the actuation area (03, 08); wherein the actuation area (63, 68) is constructed and arranged to activate or control each of the plurality of actuation components (09, 11, 12, 13). A fluid handling structure comprising: a fluid channel (204); and a deformable material (202); wherein the fluid channel is bounded, at least in part, by the deformable material (202). A fluidic device comprising: at least one channel (403) defining a path for the travel of an electromagnetic wave. A method of performing a function with an instrument, the method comprising: associating an insert with the instrument, the insert comprising one or more of program code, data, or commands, which enable performance of the function.

Abstract: Methods for waste treatment and compositions of stabilized waste elements are provided, typically for the disposal of arsenical wastes. Arsenic trioxide waste produced as a by-product of metal extraction is slurried in water for from 6 to 24 hours with finely divided quicklime to produce nonvolatile calcium arsenate (III). An excess of CaO stoichiometry with As is used to consume secondary waste species such as sulphate, silicate and iron oxides. The precipitated arsenate is oven dried at 120.degree. C. and then calcined in air between 15 minutes to several hours at 1000.degree. C. to 500.degree. C. respectively to oxidize arsenate (III) to arsenate (V) as Ca.sub.5 (AsO.sub.4).sub.3 (OH) (an apatite) as the major arsenic immobilization phase, with minor arsenic incorporated in Ca.sub.3 (AsO.sub.4).sub.2. Calcium sulphate anhydrate (sulphate immobilization) and calcium iron oxide (iron immobilization) are also produced.