Abstract: A display incorporates both narrow-band light emitters and broadband light emitters. The light emitters are controlled to display images according to image data. The narrow-band light emitters can be used to provide highly saturated primary colors. Light from the broadband light sources may be mixed with the broadband light. This can reduce metamerism failures arising from variations in the characteristics of the eyes of observers.

Abstract: A dual modulator display has a first array of pixels that illuminates a second array of pixels with a pattern of light. The second array of pixels modulates the pattern of light to yield an image. A method for determining control values for pixels of the first array of pixels begins with an initial set of control values and refines the control values. The control values may be refined one at a time. Images may be displayed in real time.

Abstract: A backlight (42, 62) for a display (40, 60) comprises a plurality of independently controllable light sources (48) and inclined surfaces inclining in a radially outward direction from each light source for shaping the distribution of emitted light. The light sources (48) may each comprise a group of differently-colored light emitters. The backlight 842, 62) may include light integrators (64) configured to mix light of the differently-colored light emitters. Inclined surfaces (44) for shaping the distribution of emitted light may be arranged around exits of the light integrators (64).

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are provided to map out-of-gamut points to in-gamut points. Embodiments transform image data for presentation on a display or medium having a gamut different from that of the image data. Different mapping algorithms may be applied based in part on luminance of the points being mapped. Embodiments apply a reduced dataset representing a gamut boundary.

Abstract: Several embodiments of projection systems are disclosed that comprise a plurality of controllable emitters, each said emitter providing light for a light path; a plurality of first optical elements, each said first optical element receiving light from one of said emitters; a controllable modulator receiving light from said plurality of first optical elements; a plurality of conduits, each said conduit disposed over a portion of said controllable modulator; a plurality of second optical elements, each of said second optical elements receiving light from at least one of said plurality of conduits, and a controller for sending control signals to said controllable emitters and said controllable modulator. The illumination from the emitters may form a plurality of overlapping areas of illumination upon a projection screen where the image is intended to be formed.

Abstract: A backlight (42, 62) for a display (40, 60) comprises a plurality of independently controllable light sources (48) and inclined surfaces inclining in a radially outward direction from each light source for shaping the distribution of emitted light. The light sources (48) may each comprise a group of differently-colored light emitters. The backlight 842, 62) may include light integrators (64) configured to mix light of the differently-colored light emitters. Inclined surfaces (44) for shaping the distribution of emitted light may be arranged around exits of the light integrators (64).

Abstract: A display incorporates both narrow-band light emitters and broadband light emitters. The light emitters are controlled to display images according to image data. The narrow-band light emitters can be used to provide highly saturated primary colors. Light from the broadband light sources may be mixed with the broadband light. This can reduce metamerism failures arising from variations in the characteristics of the eyes of observers.

Abstract: A dual modulator display has a first array of pixels that illuminates a second array of pixels with a pattern of light. The second array of pixels modulates the pattern of light to yield an image. A method for determining control values for pixels of the first array of pixels begins with an initial set of control values and refines the control values. The control values may be refined one at a time. Images may be displayed in real time.

Abstract: Modular displays are made up of arrays of modules that include light sources and light modulators. The modules may include control circuits that perform some image processing functions. The modules may illuminate a screen directly or may include optical systems that project light onto a screen.

Abstract: Acrolein is removed from a process stream such as a process stream generated in the manufacture of acrylonitrile. The process includes reacting the acrolein with a compound containing a reactable thiol or hydroxyl moiety in the presence of an acid catalyst. The present process provides for a refined process stream that contains no more than 5 ppm by weight unreacted acrolein.

Abstract: A data structure defining a high dynamic range image comprises a tone map having a reduced dynamic range and HDR information. The high dynamic range image can be reconstructed from the tone map and the HDR information. The data structure can be backwards compatible with legacy hardware or software viewers. The data structure may comprise a JFIF file having the tone map encoded as a JPEG image with the HDR information in an application extension or comment field of the JFIF file, or a MPEG file having the tone map encoded as a MPEG image with the HDR information in a video or audio channel of the MPEG file. Apparatus and methods for encoding or decoding the data structure may apply pre- or post correction to compensate for lossy encoding of the high dynamic range information.

Abstract: Acrolein is removed from a process stream such as a process stream generated in the manufacture of acrylonitrile. The process includes reacting the acrolein with a compound containing a reactable thiol or hydroxyl moiety in the presence of an acid catalyst. The present process provides for a refined process stream that contains no more than 5 ppm by weight unreacted acrolein.

Abstract: A nitrile-containing mixture, which includes a nitrile dissolved in a higher alcohol solvent, and hydrogen are fed to a reactor containing a catalyst. An amine is produced by hydrogenating the nitrile that is dissolved in the higher alcohol solvent. In a preferred embodiment, the reactor also contains a caustic solution. The preferred nitrile-containing mixture includes octadecaneditrile (ODDN) and hexanol to produce a preferred octadecanediamine (ODDA) through hydrogenation.

Abstract: An improved process for the production of 3-dimethylaminopropylamine in high purity from N,N-dimethylaminopropionitrile utilizing a low pressure hydrogenation process is described. The basic process comprises contacting the nitrile with hydrogen at low pressure in the presence of a catalyst under conditions sufficient to effect the conversion of the nitrile to the primary amine product.

Abstract: A process is described for the recovery of acrylonitrile from an ammoxidation reactor effluent stream containing acrylonitrile, water, and organic impurities. The process includes the steps of (a) quenching an ammoxidation reactor effluent stream that includes acrylonitrile, water, and organic impurities with an aqueous quench stream, thereby producing a cooled reactor effluent stream; (b) passing the cooled reactor effluent stream through an absorption column, thereby generating an absorber bottoms stream that includes water, acrylonitrile, and organic impurities; and (c) passing the absorber bottoms stream through a single recovery/stripper column, generating an acrylonitrile-rich overhead stream, a lean water side stream, and a recovery/stripper bottoms stream that includes organic impurities. The acrylonitrile-rich overhead stream can be passed through a decanter to separate water from acrylonitrile. The lean water side stream can be recycled for use in the absorption column.

Abstract: Acrolein is removed from a process stream such as a process stream generated in the manufacture of acrylonitrile. The process includes reacting the acrolein with a compound containing a reactable thiol or hydroxyl moiety in the presence of an acid catalyst. The present process provides for a refined process stream that contains no more than 5 ppm by weight unreacted acrolein.

Abstract: An improved process for the production of 3-dimethylaminopropylamine in high purity from N,N-dimethylaminopropionitrile utilizing a low pressure hydrogenation process is described. The basic process comprises contacting the nitrile with hydrogen at low pressure in the presence of a catalyst under conditions sufficient to effect the conversion of the nitrile to the primary amine product.

Abstract: An improved process for the production of 3-dimethylaminopropylamine in high (>99%) purity from N,N-dimethylaminopropionitrile utilizing a low pressure hydrogenation process is described. The basic process comprises contacting the nitrile with hydrogen at low pressure in the presence of a sponge nickel catalyst under conditions sufficient to effect the conversion of the nitrile to the primary amine product. The improvement in the process resides in a combination of carrying out the hydrogenation process at low pressures and temperatures in the presence of a catalytic amount of caustic base in order to give an improved selectivity of greater than 99.60% of DMAPN to DMAPA.

Abstract: A process is described for the recovery of acrylonitrile from an ammoxidation reactor effluent stream containing acrylonitrile, water, and organic impurities. The process includes the steps of (a) quenching an ammoxidation reactor effluent stream that includes acrylonitrile, water, and organic impurities with an aqueous quench stream, thereby producing a cooled reactor effluent stream; (b) passing the cooled reactor effluent stream through an absorption column, thereby generating an absorber bottoms stream that includes water, acrylonitrile, and organic impurities; and (c) passing the absorber bottoms stream through a single recovery/stripper column, generating an acrylonitrile-rich overhead stream, a lean water side stream, and a recovery/stripper bottoms stream that includes organic impurities. The acrylonitrile-rich overhead stream can be passed through a decanter to separate water from acrylonitrile. The lean water side stream can be recycled for use in the absorption column.

Abstract: A method for the production of an amine from a nitrile utilizing hydrogenation by; feeding hydrogen and nitrile into a reactor including catalyst, water and inorganic base to form a reaction medium; mixing the reaction medium to provide a uniform bulk concentration of the nitrile in at least one direction across the reactor to minimize the reactor volume where local bulk nitrile concentration exceeds that stoichiometrically required to completely deplete the local bulk hydrogen concentration; and hydrogenating the nitrile to form the amine.