Abstract: A thermal evaporation sources are described. These thermal evaporation sources include a crucible configured to contain a volume of evaporant and a vapor space above the evaporant.

Abstract: A thermal evaporation sources are described. These thermal evaporation sources include a crucible configured to contain a volume of evaporant and a vapor space above the evaporant.

Abstract: The invention provides a film having a composition AgwCu1?wInrGaxKySe2(1?z)Q2z; wherein K is Al or Tl or a combination of these; Q is S or Te or a combination of these; w is in a range from 0.01 to 0.75; x is in a range from 0.1 to 0.8; and r, y and z are each independently in a range from 0 to 1, provided that r+x+y=1. Methods of making the film can include processing temperatures not exceeding 500° C.

Abstract: A thermal evaporation sources are described. These thermal evaporation sources include a crucible configured to contain a volume of evaporant and a vapor space above the evaporant.

Abstract: A thermal evaporation sources are described. These thermal evaporation sources include a crucible configured to contain a volume of evaporant and a vapor space above the evaporant.

Abstract: A thermal evaporation sources are described. These thermal evaporation sources include a crucible configured to contain a volume of evaporant and a vapor space above the evaporant.

Abstract: A thermal evaporation sources are described. These thermal evaporation sources include a crucible configured to contain a volume of evaporant and a vapor space above the evaporant.

Abstract: A thermal evaporation sources are described. These thermal evaporation sources include a crucible configured to contain a volume of evaporant and a vapor space above the evaporant.

Abstract: A thermal evaporation source includes: a crucible configured to contain a volume of evaporant and a vapor space above the evaporant; a manifold body having within it a hollow expansion chamber that is flowably connected to the vapor space via one or more restriction orifices; one or more effusion nozzles flowably connected to the expansion chamber and exiting an outer surface of the thermal evaporation source, the nozzle(s) oriented to direct an evaporant vapor flow out of the source vertically downward, in one or more horizontal directions, or in one or more directions intermediate between horizontal and vertically downward; and a heater capable of heating some or all of the thermal evaporation source to a temperature sufficient to produce the one or more evaporant vapor flows when a vacuum is applied to the thermal evaporation source.

Abstract: A physical vapor deposition effusion method comprising translating a strip material through a physical vapor deposition zone in a deposition chamber and providing first and second substantially closed vessels located serially along the processing path in the same deposition chamber, each vessel emitting different source materials to produce overlapping plumes and having an array of vapor delivery nozzles distributed uniformly across the vessel along the width of the zone, and configured to expel overlapping plumes to create a fog having a substantially uniform composition across the width and a varying composition across the length of the zone. Also, an elongate vapor deposition effusion vessel having an elongate lid including plural nozzles spaced from each other along its elongate axis, and a continuous heating element in the lid encircling the plural nozzles, the heating element having electrical contacts connected to an electrical source on the same side of the vessel.

Abstract: A physical vapor deposition effusion method comprising translating a strip material through a physical vapor deposition zone in a deposition chamber and providing first and second substantially closed vessels located serially along the processing path in the same deposition chamber, each vessel emitting different source materials to produce overlapping plumes and having an array of vapor delivery nozzles distributed uniformly across the vessel along the width of the zone, and configured to expel overlapping plumes to create a fog having a substantially uniform composition across the width and a varying composition across the length of the zone. Also, an elongate vapor deposition effusion vessel having an elongate lid including plural nozzles spaced from each other along its elongate axis, and a continuous heating element in the lid encircling the plural nozzles, the heating element having electrical contacts connected to an electrical source on the same side of the vessel.

Abstract: The present invention comprises microfiller-reinforced polymer films. Microfiller-reinforced polymer films are films having high aspect-ratio fillers incorporated therewith, which filler have a minor dimension less that 20 ?m and a major dimension at least three times greater than the minor dimension.

Abstract: The invention provides a film having a composition AgwCu1-wInrGaxKySe2(1-z)Q2z; wherein K is Al or Tl or a combination of these; Q is S or Te or a combination of these; w is in a range from 0.01 to 0.75; x is in a range from 0.1 to 0.8; and r, y and z are each independently in a range from 0 to 1, provided that r+x+y=1. Methods of making the film can include processing temperatures not exceeding 500° C.

Abstract: A thermal evaporation source includes: a crucible configured to contain a volume of evaporant and a vapor space above the evaporant; a manifold body having within it a hollow expansion chamber that is flowably connected to the vapor space via one or more restriction orifices; one or more effusion nozzles flowably connected to the expansion chamber and exiting an outer surface of the thermal evaporation source, the nozzle(s) oriented to direct an evaporant vapor flow out of the source vertically downward, in one or more horizontal directions, or in one or more directions intermediate between horizontal and vertically downward; and a heater capable of heating some or all of the thermal evaporation source to a temperature sufficient to produce the one or more evaporant vapor flows when a vacuum is applied to the thermal evaporation source.

Abstract: A multiple nozzle thermal evaporation source includes a plurality of nozzles having a tapered shape. The nozzles may comprise a thermally conductive material having a low emissivity material.

Abstract: Thin films are produced by a method wherein a material is heated in a furnace placed inside a vacuum system. An inert gas is flown over/through the heated material. The vapors of the material are entrained in the carrier gas which is then directed onto a substrate heated to a temperature below that of the furnace temperature and placed in close proximity to the exit of the furnace.

Abstract: A multiple nozzle thermal evaporation source includes a plurality of nozzles having a tapered shape. The nozzles may comprise a thermally conductive material having a low emissivity material.

Abstract: A multiple nozzle thermal evaporation source includes a plurality of nozzles having a tapered shape. The nozzles may be coated with a thermally conductive material with a low emissivity material.

Abstract: A multiple nozzle thermal evaporation source includes a plurality of nozzles having a tapered shape. The nozzles may be coated with a thermally conductive material with a low emissivity material.

Abstract: A liquid electrolyte fuel cell is defined by a pair of spaced apart electrodes having an insulative layer therebetween, each electrode having an electrocatalyst deposited thereon. Each of the electrodes and the insulative layer is at least partially nanoporous, i.e., having a pore size of from about 0.5 to about 50 nm. The electrodes are fabricated by pyrolizing a suspension of conductive carbon dispersed in a pyrolyzable precursor solution, preferably, a mixture of a non-graphitizing carbon, e.g., polyfufuryl alcohol and a pore size regulator, e.g. polyethylene glycol. Viscosity of the precursor solution is controlled with acetone, or other carbonyl-containing compound. The electrodes are bonded to the insulative layer either by further pyrolysis of an intermediate precursor solution or with an adhesive gel. The electrodes and insulative layer or matrices are impregnated with a suitable electrolyte to form the cell.