Abstract: Various technologies are described herein pertaining to electrochemical etching of a semiconductor controlled by way of a laser that emits light with an energy below a bandgap energy of the semiconductor.

Abstract: Various technologies are described herein pertaining to electrochemical etching of a semiconductor controlled by way of a laser that emits light with an energy below a bandgap energy of the semiconductor.

Abstract: Various technologies are described herein pertaining to electrochemical etching of a semiconductor controlled by way of a laser that emits light with an energy below a bandgap energy of the semiconductor.

Abstract: Various three-dimensional devices that can be formed within the bulk of a semiconductor by photo-controlled selective etching are described herein. With more particularity, semiconductor devices that incorporate three-dimensional electrical vias, waveguides, or fluidic channels that are disposed within a semiconductor are described herein. In an exemplary embodiment, a three-dimensional interposer chip includes an electrical via, a waveguide, and a fluidic channel, wherein the via, the waveguide, and the fluidic channel are disposed within the body of a semiconductor element rather than being deposited on a surface. The three-dimensional interposer is usable to make electrical, optical, or fluidic connections between two or more devices.

Abstract: Three-dimensional scaffolds to facilitate engineered tissue growth are described herein. An exemplary scaffold comprises a first capillary element, a second capillary element, and a connective element that spans a distance between the first capillary element and the second capillary element, connecting the capillary elements. Tissues can be grown within the scaffold such that the tissues have highly vascularized structures with many capillaries running throughout. The scaffolds can be fabricated by selective electrochemical etching of a semiconductor element. The electrochemical etching can be controlled by way of a laser configured to stimulate multiphoton absorption in the semiconductor.