Abstract: A floating cover system for a container with an open top includes a plurality of floating cover sections with cover connector devices spaced along a periphery of each at a connector spacing. A ballast tube has tube connector devices spaced along the exterior thereof at the same connector spacing. The ballast tube is open at each end and longer ballast tubes also define access holes along a length thereof. Water enters an interior of the ballast tube through the open ends thereof and the access holes, if any. When all the cover sections are installed in the container, the open top of the container is substantially covered by cover sections joined together at seams where adjacent cover connector devices are connected together, and the tube connectors are connected to the cover connectors along a ballast seam such that the ballast tube is located under the ballast seam.

Abstract: A portable containment system has a flexible liner sheet and a plurality of leg assemblies attached to the edge portions of the liner sheet. Each leg assembly consists of two legs connected by a fabric hinge and movable from a collapsed transport position to an upright operating position where the legs slope upward toward each other to form a triangle. The edge portions of the liner sheet are attached to the top of the triangle. The bottom ends of the leg assemblies are connected to a flexible leg sheet such that the leg assemblies are evenly spaced. Moving all the leg assemblies to the operating position supports the edge portions of the liner sheet in a raised position sloping upward from the surface at an angle less than about 75 degrees, such that a containment area is formed inside the sloping edge portions of the liner sheet.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for estimating discharge and charge power of battery applications, including battery packs used in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) and Electric Vehicles (EV). One charge/discharge power estimating method incorporates voltage, state-of-charge (SOC), power, and current design constraints and works for a user-specified prediction time horizon ?t. At least two cell models are used in calculating maximum charge/discharge power based on voltage limits. The first is a simple cell model that uses a Taylor-series expansion to linearize the equation involved. The second is a more complex and accurate model that models cell dynamics in discrete-time state-space form. The cell model can incorporate a inputs such as temperature, resistance, capacity, etc. One advantage of using model-based approach is that the same model may be used in both Kalman-filtering to produce the SOC and the estimation of maximum charge/discharge current based on voltage limits.

Abstract: A system and a method for determining an estimated battery state vector and an estimated battery parameter vector are provided. The method includes determining an estimated battery parameter vector indicative of a parameter of the battery at the first predetermined time based on a plurality of predicted battery parameter vectors, a first plurality of predicted battery output vectors, and a battery output vector. The method further includes determining the estimated battery state vector indicative of a state of the battery at the first predetermined time based on a plurality of predicted battery state vectors, a second plurality of predicted battery output vectors, and the battery output vector.

Abstract: A system, a method, and an article of manufacture for determining an estimated combined battery state-parameter vector are provided. The method determines the estimated combined battery state-parameter vector based on a plurality of predicted the combined battery state-parameter vectors, a plurality of predicted battery output vectors, and a battery output vector.

Abstract: A system, a method, and an article of manufacture for determining an estimated battery parameter vector indicative of a parameter of a battery are provided. The method determines a first estimated battery parameter vector indicative of a parameter of the battery at a first predetermined time based on a plurality of predicted battery parameter vectors, a plurality of predicted battery output vectors, and a first battery output vector.

Abstract: A system, a method, and an article of manufacture for determining an estimated battery state vector indicative of a state of a battery are provided. The method determines a first estimated battery state vector indicative of the state of the battery at a first predetermined time based on a plurality of predicted battery state vectors, a plurality of predicted battery output vectors, and a first battery output vector.

Abstract: A system and a method for estimating a state vector associated with a battery are provided. The method includes determining a time interval that the battery has been electrically decoupled from a load circuit. The time interval starts at a first time. The method further includes obtaining a first state vector associated with the battery from a memory. The first state vector is determined prior to the first time. The method further includes calculating a second predicted state vector associated with the battery based on the first state vector and the time interval.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for estimation of the augmented state of an electrochemical cell, the method comprising: making an internal augmented states prediction of the cell where the augmented state comprises at least one internal state value and at least one internal parameter value; making an uncertainty prediction of the internal augmented states prediction; correcting the internal augmented states prediction and the uncertainty prediction; and applying an algorithm that iterates the making an internal augmented states prediction, the making an uncertainty prediction and the correcting to yield an ongoing estimation to the augmented state and an ongoing uncertainty to the augmented state estimation.

Abstract: Methods and systems for estimating present parameters of an electrochemical cell system comprising: making an internal parameter prediction of the cell; making an uncertainty prediction of the internal parameter prediction; correcting the internal parameter prediction and the uncertainty prediction; and applying an algorithm that iterates the internal parameter prediction, and the uncertainty prediction and the correction to yield an ongoing estimation to the parameters and an ongoing uncertainty to the parameters estimation.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for estimating the state and parameters of an electrochemical cell. More particularly, for example, a method for estimating present states and present parameters of an electrochemical cell system comprising: estimating a state value of the electrochemical cell with a cell state filter to estimate the state value; estimating a parameter value of the electrochemical cell with a cell parameter filter to estimate the parameter value, and exchanging information between the cell state filter and the cell parameter filter. Also an apparatus configured to estimate present states and present parameters of an electrochemical cell comprising: a first component configured to estimate a cell state value; and a second component configured to estimate a cell parameter value. The first component and second component are in operable communication to exchange information there between.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an implementation of a method for cell equalization. The present invention uses other information such as the individual cell state-of-charge (SOC) estimates, and individual capacities and/or cell Coulombic efficiencies, possibly available from a dual extended Kalman filter. The present invention defines or refers to an operational SOC range between a minimum and a maximum. The minimum and maximum could be constants or could be dynamic based on functions of other variables. SOC can be measured relative to maximum charge or relative to maximum discharge for each cell. When the SOC is not consistent across the cells, a prioritizing scheme is used to determine which cells require equalization.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for estimating discharge and charge power of battery applications, including battery packs used in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) and Electric Vehicles (EV). One charge/discharge power estimating method incorporates voltage, state-of-charge (SOC), power, and current design constraints and works for a user-specified prediction time horizon ?t. At least two cell models are used in calculating maximum charge/discharge power based on voltage limits. The first is a simple cell model that uses a Taylor-series expansion to linearize the equation involved. The second is a more complex and accurate model that models cell dynamics in discrete-time state-space form. The cell model can incorporate a inputs such as temperature, resistance, capacity, etc. One advantage of using model-based approach is that the same model may be used in both Kalman-filtering to produce the SOC and the estimation of maximum charge/discharge current based on voltage limits.