Abstract: Compositions are provided that exhibit an austenitic nickel microstructure. The compositions comprise Ni, Cr, Mo and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, Si, and Ti. Feedstock having the composition may be in the form of a cored wire or wires, a solid wire or wires, or a powder.

Abstract: Compositions are provided that exhibit an austenitic nickel microstructure. The compositions comprise Ni, Cr, Mo and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, Si, and Ti. Feedstock having the composition may be in the form of a cored wire or wires, a solid wire or wires, or a powder.

Abstract: Compositions are provided that exhibit an austenitic nickel microstructure. The compositions comprise Ni, Cr, Mo and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, Si, and Ti. Feedstock having the composition may be in the form of a cored wire or wires, a solid wire or wires, or a powder.

Abstract: A method to protect and modify surface properties of articles is disclosed. In one embodiment of the method, an intermediate layer is first deposited onto a substrate of the article. The intermediate layer has a thickness of at least 2 mils containing a plurality of pores with a total pore volume of 5 to 50% within a depth of at least 2 mils. A lubricant material is deposited onto the intermediate layer, wherein the lubricant material infiltrates at least a portion of the pores and forms a surface layer. The surface layer can be tailored with the selection of the appropriate material for the intermediate layer and the lubricant material, for the surface layer to have the desired surface tension depending on the application.

Abstract: A system for characterizing and optimizing refinery feedstock blends according to their corrosivity is provided. Refinery feedstocks can be characterized based on any of: dissociation of acids in the crude, breakup of naphthenic acid molecular associations, mass changes of carbon steel samples, and/or dissociation of sulfur compounds in the feedstocks. The characterization can be carried out via any of impedance, spectroscopic measurements, and continuous measurements of mass changes of carbon steel samples with a crystal microbalance over a range of temperature, e.g., from ambient to 750° F. The system can be employed in any of refinery, terminal, and laboratories, using models and/or hardware to optimize the usage of refinery feedstocks in the blending and valuation of the feedstocks.

Abstract: A method for forming structural equipment employed in sulfur containing environments such as oil refineries and the like. In one embodiment, the method comprises: providing a steel composition containing up to 0.35% of C, 0.30 to 3.5% Si, up to 1.2% Mo, up to 1.35% Mn, up to 5% Al, less than 12.0% Cr, balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities; forming a structural component conforming to prevailing industry standards with respect to design, fabrication, inspection and testing, metallurgical and mechanical properties. The structural equipment has a corrosion rate of less than 15 mpy. In one embodiment, the equipment is formed from a steel composition has a carbon equivalent of less than 0.63, requiring no post weld heat treatment (“PWHT”). In another embodiment, the CE is less than 0.45, requiring no preheat nor PWHT.

Abstract: A method for characterizing and optimizing refinery feedstock blends according to their corrosivity is provided. Refinery feedstocks can be characterized based on any of: dissociation of acids in the crude, breakup of naphthenic acid molecular associations, mass changes of carbon steel samples, and/or dissociation of sulfur compounds in the feedstocks. The characterization is performed as a function of temperature via any of electrical resistivity measurement, vibrational spectroscopic analysis, voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, crystal microbalance measurements of weight changes, and combinations thereof. The method employs models and/or hardware to optimize the usage of refinery feedstocks in the blending and valuation of the feedstocks.

Abstract: Equipment having a protective coating layer for use in abrasive environments, e.g., sulfur-containing environments, is disclosed. The coating is formed from a single-component feedstock, as a Fe-based alloy composition comprising at least two refractory elements selected from Cr, V, Nb, Mo and W in an amount of up to 30% each and a total concentration of up to 40%. In one embodiment, the coating is applied by thermal spraying, followed by heat treatment for at least a portion of the refractory elements in the coating to fuse into the substrate forming a metallurgically bonded coating. The coating has an adhesion strength of at least 7,000 psi measured according to ASTM D4541. The coating layer is further characterized as being impermeable to corrosive environments showing no pin holes in the ferroxyl test according to ASTM A967 Practice E.

Abstract: A tubular pipe adapted for transporting oil and water may be treated upon its interior surface to reduce frictional pressure of a multiphase oil/water mixture flowing through the pipe. The tubular pipe may have an interior wall and a central cavity. In some instances, the interior surface is provided with a first textured region being adapted for reducing the adhesive forces of transported oil along the interior wall. A second region upon the interior wall may be adapted for reducing the adhesive forces of water along the interior wall of the tubular pipe. In some applications, riblets may be provided upon the interior pipe wall to further reduce the frictional forces of fluid flowing through the central cavity of the pipe.

Abstract: A method for characterizing refinery feedstocks according to their corrosivity is provided. The characterization is based on any of: dissociation of acids in the crude, breakup of naphthenic acid molecular associations, and/or dissociation of sulfur compounds in the feedstocks. In one embodiment, the characterization is done via vibrational spectroscopic measurements over a range of temperature, e.g., from ambient to 700° F. The method can be practiced in any of refinery, terminal, and laboratories. It can be used in conjunction with models and hardware to optimize the usage of refinery feedstocks in the blending and valuation of the feedstocks.

Abstract: Refinery feedstocks can be characterized based on any of: dissociation of acids in the crude, breakup of naphthenic acid molecular associations, and/or dissociation of sulfur compounds in the feedstocks. The characterization is performed as a function of temperature via any of electrical resistivity measurement, vibrational spectroscopic analysis, voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and combinations thereof. The method can be practiced in any of refinery, terminal, and laboratories. It can be used in conjunction with models and hardware to optimize the usage of refinery feedstocks in the blending and valuation of the feedstocks. In one embodiment, the characterization of refinery feedstocks is via the use of EIS.

Abstract: A method for determining corrosiveness of naphthenic acid in a crude oil feedstock is provided. The method includes the steps of providing a crude oil feedstock containing naphthenic acid; contacting the crude oil feedstock with iron for a period of time at a sufficient temperature for the iron to react with the naphthenic acid, forming iron salts. Under sufficiently high temperatures, at least a portion of the iron salts decompose to form ketone, which can be quantified. Measurements of the ketone can be used to correlate with the amount of iron lost from corrosion given a certain level of naphthenic acid present, giving a measure of the corrosivity of crude oil feedstock.

Abstract: Compositions are provided that exhibit an austenitic nickel microstructure. The compositions comprise Ni, Cr, Mo and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, Si, and Ti. Feedstock having the composition may be in the form of a cored wire or wires, a solid wire or wires, or a powder.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of protecting refinery equipment, the method comprising: (a) applying an uncured organic coating comprising a curable epoxy phenol novolac resin and a curing agent comprising a vicinal primary diamine moiety to a surface of refinery equipment susceptible to corrosion and/or wear; and (b) curing the uncured coating to form a cured coating having a viscosity of at least 2,000,000 centipoise; wherein the uncured organic coating has a viscosity of less than 500,000 centipoise, and wherein the uncured coating is substantially free of components comprising secondary and tertiary amine groups, and wherein the uncured coating is characterized by a latent viscosity of at least 2,000,000 when cured for 1 hour at 50° C.

Abstract: A tubular pipe adapted for transporting oil and water may be treated upon its interior surface to reduce frictional pressure of a multiphase oil/water mixture flowing through the pipe. The tubular pipe may have an interior wall and a central cavity. In some instances, the interior surface is provided with a first textured region being adapted for reducing the adhesive forces of transported oil along the interior wall. A second region upon the interior wall may be adapted for reducing the adhesive forces of water along the interior wall of the tubular pipe. In some applications, riblets may be provided upon the interior pipe wall to further reduce the frictional forces of fluid flowing through the central cavity of the pipe.

Abstract: A method for determining corrosiveness of naphthenic acid in a crude oil feedstock is provided. The method includes the steps of providing a crude oil feedstock containing naphthenic acid; contacting the crude oil feedstock with iron for a period of time at a sufficient temperature for the iron to react with the naphthenic acid, forming iron salts. Under sufficiently high temperatures, at least a portion of the iron salts decompose to form ketone, which can be quantified. Measurements of the ketone can be used to correlate with the amount of iron lost from corrosion given a certain level of naphthenic acid present, giving a measure of the corrosivity of crude oil feedstock.

Abstract: A method for protecting a work piece for use in abrasive environments with hardbanding is provided. The layer is deposited onto at least a portion of the work piece to be protected. The deposited layer exhibits a hardness of at least 50 Rc, a wear rate of less than 0.5 grams of mass loss as measured according to ASTM G65-04, Procedure A, a wear rate on a contacting secondary body comprising carbon steel of less than 0.005 grams as measured according to modified ASTM G77 wear test. The deposited alloy forms an iron matrix comprising embedded hard particles in an amount of less than 15 vol. %. The embedded hard particles have an average particle size of ranging from 100 nm to 5 ?m. In one embodiment, the deposition is via welding.

Abstract: A work piece for use in abrasive environments with hardbanding is provided. The work piece has at least a protective layer deposited onto at least a portion to be protected. The deposited layer exhibits a hardness of at least 50 Rc, a wear rate of less than 0.5 grams of mass loss as measured according to ASTM G65-04, Procedure A, a wear rate on a contacting secondary body comprising carbon steel of less than 0.005 grams as measured according to modified ASTM G77 wear test. The deposited alloy forms an iron matrix comprising embedded hard particles in an amount of less than 15 vol. %. The embedded hard particles have an average particle size of ranging from 100 nm to 5 ?m. In one embodiment, the deposition is via welding.

Abstract: Equipment having a protective coating layer for use in abrasive environments, e.g., sulfur-containing environments, is disclosed. The coating is formed from a single-component feedstock, as a Fe-based alloy composition comprising at least two refractory elements selected from Cr, V, Nb, Mo and W in an amount of up to 30% each and a total concentration of up to 40%. In one embodiment, the coating is applied by thermal spraying, followed by heat treatment for at least a portion of the refractory elements in the coating to fuse into the substrate forming a metallurgically bonded coating. The coating has an adhesion strength of at least 7,000 psi measured according to ASTM D4541. The coating layer is further characterized as being impermeable to corrosive environments showing no pin holes in the ferroxyl test according to ASTM A967 Practice E.

Abstract: A method for forming protective coatings on equipment is disclosed. The coating is formed from a single-component Fe-based alloy composition comprising at least two refractory elements selected from Cr, V, Nb, Mo and W in an amount of up to 30% each and a total concentration of up to 40%. In one embodiment, the single-component coating layer is applied by thermal spraying, followed by heat treatment for at least a portion of the refractory elements to fuse into the substrate forming a metallurgical bond. The coating has an adhesion strength of at least 7,000 psi measured according to ASTM D4541. The coating is further characterized as being impermeable to corrosive environments showing no pin holes in the ferroxyl test according to ASTM A967 Practice E.