Abstract: A method of making glass products includes: heating material to obtain a glass melt; heating the glass melt in a melting tank having a melting tank bottom, the glass melt having a melt volume, a melt surface, and a viscosity of 102 dPas at a temperature above 1580° C. The glass melt is heated such that at least some of the glass melt has a viscosity of 102.5 dPas or less. An amount of thermal energy introduced directly into the melt volume is more than 60% of a total amount of thermal energy introduced into the glass melt. A maximum difference between a temperature at a location on the melt surface and a temperature at a location at the melting tank bottom vertically underneath the location on the melt surface is such that a difference in glass melt densities is less than 0.05 g/cm3 per meter distance between the locations.

Abstract: For permitting temperature manipulation of a melt even at a conductivity below 10?1 ??1 cm?1 and thus permitting refining of the melt at temperatures about 1700° C., the invention provides a method and a device for temperature manipulation of a melt (16), in particular in a refiner unit. The melt (16) is heated at least by ohmic resistance heating with at least two electrodes (4) that are arranged in the melt (16). At least a part of the melt (16) is cooled. The device (1) for temperature manipulation, refining, purification and homogenisation of a melt (16) comprises at least one arrangement for accommodating melt material (36, 16), defining an inner chamber, and at least two electrodes (4) for ohmic resistance heating of the melt (16). The electrodes (4) project into the inner chamber of the arrangement, in particular of a vessel (2).

Abstract: A method for melting inorganic materials, preferably glasses and glass-ceramics, in a melting unit with cooled walls is provided. The method includes selecting the temperature of at least one region of the melt is selected in such a way as to be in a range from Teff?20% to Teff+20%, where the temperature Teff is given by the temperature at which the energy consumption per unit weight of the material to be melted is at a minimum, with the throughput having been selected in such a way as to be suitably adapted to the required residence time.

Abstract: The invention relates to glass powder, especially a biologically active glass powder, which includes a plurality of glass particles and which is characterized by the following features: the glass particles are made up by >90% of non-spherical particles; the geometry of the individual non-spherical particle is characterized by a ratio of length to diameter of 1.1 to 105.

Abstract: For permitting temperature manipulation of a melt even at a conductivity below 10?1 ??1 cm?1 and thus permitting refining of the melt at temperatures about 1700° C., the invention provides a method and a device for temperature manipulation of a melt (16), in particular in a refiner unit. The melt (16) is heated at least by ohmic resistance heating with at least two electrodes (4) that are arranged in the melt (16). At least a part of the melt (16) is cooled. The device (1) for temperature manipulation, refining, purification and homogenisation of a melt (16) comprises at least one arrangement for accommodating melt material (36, 16), defining an inner chamber, and at least two electrodes (4) for ohmic resistance heating of the melt (16). The electrodes (4) project into the inner chamber of the arrangement, in particular of a vessel (2).

Abstract: The apparatus (300) for feeding, homogenizing, and conditioning a high viscosity glass melt for manufacturing display glass has a stirring device (110, 406), an upstream connecting part (100, 400) that connects the stirring device (110, 406) to an upstream melting and/or refining unit, and a downstream connecting part (120, 420) that connects the stirring device (110, 406) to a downstream forming or shaping device. Wall material and base material of the first and connecting parts and the stirring device (110, 406) coming in contact with the glass melt are made from a zirconium-dioxide-containing fire-resistant material containing a large amount, preferably more than 85 wt. %, of zirconium dioxide. A method of operating the apparatus to make display glass is also described.

Abstract: A heating apparatus for the conductive heating of melts, in particular for the rapid melting-down, refining and/or conditioning of melts, is provided. The heating apparatus includes at least one electrode, as well as a first cooling system with a cooling power, which can be set and/or controlled variably.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for the rapid melting of glasses in a skull crucible is provided. The method and apparatus introduce high-frequency energy into the contents of the crucible by means of a coil arrangement surrounding the skull crucible, in order to heat the melt, and the batch is laid and the molten glass discharged in the upper region of the crucible, and undissolved constituents of the batch are retained by means of a cooled bridge which is immersed in the melt. The glass is taken off above the coil arrangement and is fed for further processing without flowing through the coil region.

Abstract: A heating apparatus for the conductive heating of melts, in particular for the rapid melting-down, refining and/or conditioning of melts, is provided. The heating apparatus includes at least one electrode, as well as a first cooling system with a cooling power, which can be set and/or controlled variably.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for changing glass compositions in continuously operated melting installations which has a significantly shortened melt changeover time and therefore lower costs and in which the glass quality is not adversely affected.

Abstract: The invention relates to a skull pot (1) for melting, crystallizing or refining inorganic substances. Said pot comprises a pot wall (1.1), a pot bottom (1.2), an induction coil (2) which surrounds the pot wall (1.1) and by means of which high-frequency energy can be coupled into the content of the pot. The pot wall (1.1) is formed by a ring of metal pipes which can be connected to a cooling medium. Slits are embodied between adjacent metal pipes. The bottom (1.2) is provided with a discharge for the melt (3). A sleeve (4) is allocated to the discharge. The admission end (4.1) of the sleeve (4) protrudes far into the inner chamber of the skull pot (1) in such a way that, during use, the melt (3) can be withdrawn through the crystallized bottom layer (3.3) in a controlled manner without the danger of impairing quality.

Abstract: The invention relates to a skull pot for melting or refining glass or glass ceramics, comprising a pot wall (1), a pot base, and an induction coil (3) which surrounds said pot wall and through which high-frequency energy can be coupled into the contents of the pot. The pot wall is made up of a ring of metal pipes (1.1) which can be connected to a cooling medium, slot-type intermediate chambers being provided between adjacent metal pipes. The pot base has a run-off for the melt. The metal pipes (1.1) that form the pot wall (1) arm short-circuited with each other above the base in order to increase the degree of efficiency of the skull pot and especially, in order to even out the temperature profile of the melt throughout the depth of the melt.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of a glass melt. For the avoidance of the oxygen reboil the process is equipped with the following process stages or steps: a melting stage a refining stage a homogenizing and conditioning stage; in which before the homogenizing and conditioning stage the melt is heated to a temperature of over 1700° C.; in which polyvalent ions are present in the melt in a proportion of at least 0.5% by wt.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for melting or refining glass or glass ceramics. According to the invention, a device of this type is provided with the following characteristics: a plurality of tubes which are U-shaped and arrange side by side so that they form a cage like skull channel that is open on top, and a high frequency oscillation circuit which comprises an induction coil. The tubes can be connected to a cooling medium. The induction coil wraps around the channel in such a manner that winding sections extend along the lateral walls of the channel.

Abstract: According to the invention, the skull pot is provided with the following characteristics: a pot wall (1), a bottom (3) and an induction coil (9) which surrounds the pot wall (1) and by means of which high-frequency energy can be coupled into the contents of the pot. The pot wall (1) is made of a ring of metal pipes (1.1) which can be connected to a cooling medium. Slits are embodied between adjacent metal pipes (1.1). The metal pipes (1.1) are bent at a right angle at the upper ends thereof in such a way that said pipes extend towards the outside, when the pot wall (1) is viewed from above, and form a collar (2). The collar (2) is surrounded by an additional wall (upper wall 4). The upper edge of said wall is situated on a higher level than the collar (2) in such a way that the melt covers the collar (2) during operation.

Abstract: A high-frequency device for melting and refining inorganic compounds having a high-frequency oscillation system and a crucible. The high-frequency system includes an induction coil looping around the crucible and at least two oscillator circuits connectable in parallel to the induction coil and providing redundant high frequency energy. Each self-exciting oscillator includes one of the capacitors and the induction coil. The device may further include a power supply, a control cabinet having operating units, and a process control system.