Abstract: An optical sensor is used to detect a target in a sample liquid. The optical sensor has an optical sensing layer including, in the same layer, a fluorescent reporter, a fluorescent reference, and an optical isolating reagent. The optical sensing layer has an outer surface that contacts the sample liquid and an opposing surface through which a light source irradiates the optical sensing layer with excitation light, and a detector detects fluorescence emitted from within the optical sensing layer. The optical isolating reagent reduces the amount of (i) excitation light that passes through the optical sensing layer and reaches the sample liquid and (ii) background fluorescence that is emitted within the sample liquid and passes back through the optical sensing layer to the detector. Accordingly, the optical reporter and optical reference fluorescence can be detected with higher signal to noise ratios than in the absence of the optical isolating reagent.

Abstract: In example implementations, a system is provided. The system includes at least one fluid ejection apparatus, a heater and an energy source. The at least one fluid ejection apparatus dispenses a de-contented fluid onto a substrate during conveyance of the substrate. The heater is arranged after the at least one fluid ejection apparatus along a substrate conveying path. The heater removes a liquid from the de-contented fluid on the substrate such that the particles of the de-contented fluid remain on the substrate. The energy source is arranged after the heater along the substrate conveying path. The energy source applies energy to the substrate during the conveyance of the substrate to heat the substrate to a temperature that is approximately a melting temperature of the substrate to fuse the particles on the substrate to the substrate.

Abstract: In example implementations, a system is provided. The system includes at least one fluid ejection apparatus, a heater and an energy source. The at least one fluid ejection apparatus dispenses a de-contented fluid onto a substrate during conveyance of the substrate. The heater is arranged after the at least one fluid ejection apparatus along a substrate conveying path. The heater removes a liquid from the de-contented fluid on the substrate such that the particles of the de-contented fluid remain on the substrate. The energy source is arranged after the heater along the substrate conveying path. The energy source applies energy to the substrate during the conveyance of the substrate to heat the substrate to a temperature that is approximately a melting temperature of the substrate to fuse the particles on the substrate to the substrate.

Abstract: In example implementations, a system is provided. The system includes at least one fluid ejection apparatus, a heater and an energy source. The at least one fluid ejection apparatus dispenses a de-contented fluid onto a substrate during conveyance of the substrate. The heater is arranged after the at least one fluid ejection apparatus along a substrate conveying path. The heater removes a liquid from the de-contented fluid on the substrate such that the particles of the de-contented fluid remain on the substrate. The energy source is arranged after the heater along the substrate conveying path. The energy source applies energy to the substrate during the conveyance of the substrate to heat the substrate to a temperature that is approximately a melting temperature of the substrate to fuse the particles on the substrate to the substrate.

Abstract: In an example implementation, a substrate coating system includes a resist printing device to print resist fluid onto a selected area of a substrate surface. The system includes an analog coating device to apply coating fluid onto the entire substrate surface, wherein the resist fluid resists application of the coating fluid on the selected area of the substrate surface.