Abstract: An illumination system for producing a spatially distributed illumination pattern for measuring the cornea of an eye and, in particular, for determining the topography of the eye. In so doing, the system facilitates distance-independent measurements. The illumination system includes an illumination unit, an optical element for collimating the illumination light and a unit for producing a spatially distributed illumination pattern in the form of a fraxicon. In particular, the illumination unit includes a plurality of illumination modules which are arranged such that each illumination module illuminates part of the fraxicon, and consequently a full-area illumination is facilitated. The system for producing a spatially distributed illumination pattern serves to determine the topography of the cornea of an eye. Here, the system is designed as a compact module, and so it can be easily combined with other measurement systems, without interfering with the beam paths thereof.

Abstract: Methods of manufacturing eyeglasses are provided. The method may include providing a blank (63) with an outcoupling element (25) and machining the blank to provide a light receiving surface based on the at least one physiological parameter. Corresponding blanks and sets of eyeglasses are also provided.

Abstract: An illumination system for producing an illumination pattern for measuring the cornea of an eye and, in particular, for determining the topography thereof and in so doing facilitating distance-independent measurements. The illumination system according to the invention for determining the topography of the cornea of an eye includes an illumination unit and a unit for producing an illumination pattern, wherein the illumination unit includes a plurality of illumination modules. A lens array which produces a spatially distributed, collimated illumination pattern is used as a unit for producing an illumination pattern. The illumination system produces an illumination pattern, by which the topography of the cornea of an eye can be determined. Here, the illumination system is designed as a compact module, and so it can be easily combined with other measurement systems, without colliding with the beam paths thereof.

Abstract: An illumination system for producing an illumination pattern for measuring the cornea of an eye and, in particular, for determining the topography thereof and in so doing facilitating distance-independent measurements. The illumination system according to the invention for determining the topography of the cornea of an eye includes an illumination unit and a unit for producing an illumination pattern, wherein the illumination unit includes a plurality of illumination modules. A lens array which produces a spatially distributed, collimated illumination pattern is used as a unit for producing an illumination pattern. The illumination system produces an illumination pattern, by which the topography of the cornea of an eye can be determined. Here, the illumination system is designed as a compact module, and so it can be easily combined with other measurement systems, without colliding with the beam paths thereof.

Abstract: An illumination system for producing a spatially distributed illumination pattern for measuring the cornea of an eye and, in particular, for determining the topography of the eye. In so doing, the system facilitates distance-independent measurements. The illumination system includes an illumination unit, an optical element for collimating the illumination light and a unit for producing a spatially distributed illumination pattern in the form of a fraxicon. In particular, the illumination unit includes a plurality of illumination modules which are arranged such that each illumination module illuminates part of the fraxicon, and consequently a full-area illumination is facilitated. The system for producing a spatially distributed illumination pattern serves to determine the topography of the cornea of an eye. Here, the system is designed as a compact module, and so it can be easily combined with other measurement systems, without interfering with the beam paths thereof.

Abstract: Laser scanning microscope or spectral detector having a detection beam path and first imaging optics which image spectrally dispersed sample light in a Fourier plane such that the individual spectral components of the sample light are spatially separated from one another therein. A micromirror arrangement is provided in this plane, and a spectrally selective change in direction of the detection beam is carried out by controlling the micromirrors, where a useful light component of the detection beam arrives on a detector. At least one second micromirror arrangement and a 1:1 imaging of the first micromirror arrangement in the second micromirror arrangement is provided. Alternatively, the same micromirror arrangement is passed at least twice, where, in the light path between the first pass and second pass, a spatial offset of the light beam of at least the first pass and second pass is generated on the micromirror arrangement by optical means.

Abstract: A system for determining the surface shape of the cornea of an eye by analyzing the reflection of a spatially distributed ring pattern. The system includes an element for generating a ring pattern, an illuminating unit, an image capturing unit, and a control and analyzing unit. The element for generating rings is a fresneled axicon with annular structures of different radii. Furthermore, an optical element for illuminating the entire surface of the fresneled axicon with plane waves and an optical element for separating the illuminating and detecting beam path are arranged between the illuminating unit and the fresneled axicon. Furthermore, the image capturing unit consisting of an imaging system and an image sensor is designed for a telecentric distance-independent image detection.

Abstract: A system for determining the surface shape of the cornea of an eye by analyzing the reflection of a spatially distributed ring pattern. The system includes an element for generating a ring pattern, an illuminating unit, an image capturing unit, and a control and analyzing unit. The element for generating rings is a fresneled axicon with annular structures of different radii. Furthermore, an optical element for illuminating the entire surface of the fresneled axicon with plane waves and an optical element for separating the illuminating and detecting beam path are arranged between the illuminating unit and the fresneled axicon. Furthermore, the image capturing unit consisting of an imaging system and an image sensor is designed for a telecentric distance-independent image detection.

Abstract: There is provided a scanning mirror device with a microsystem scanning mirror which is mounted rotatably about at least one axis, and a detection module which has a light source which emits a light beam, and a position detector, wherein the detection module directs the light beam onto the scanning mirror from behind, with the result that the light beam is reflected, at the back of the scanning mirror, to the position detector which measures the position of the reflected light beam, from which the rotation angle of the scanning mirror about the at least one axis can be deduced.

Abstract: There is provided a scanning mirror device with a microsystem scanning mirror which is mounted rotatably about at least one axis, and a detection module which has a light source which emits a light beam, and a position detector, wherein the detection module directs the light beam onto the scanning mirror from behind, with the result that the light beam is reflected, at the back of the scanning mirror, to the position detector which measures the position of the reflected light beam, from which the rotation angle of the scanning mirror about the at least one axis can be deduced.

Abstract: Laser scanning microscope or spectral detector having a detection beam path and first imaging optics which image spectrally dispersed sample light in a Fourier plane such that the individual spectral components of the sample light are spatially separated from one another therein. A micromirror arrangement is provided in this plane, and a spectrally selective change in direction of the detection beam is carried out by controlling the micromirrors, where a useful light component of the detection beam arrives on a detector. At least one second micromirror arrangement and a 1:1 imaging of the first micromirror arrangement in the second micromirror arrangement is provided. Alternatively, the same micromirror arrangement is passed at least twice, where, in the light path between the first pass and second pass, a spatial offset of the light beam of at least the first pass and second pass is generated on the micromirror arrangement by optical means.

Abstract: The invention relates to an illuminating device for microscopes, wherein the light source has, in particular, a white light illumination having total daylight spectrum and/or an excitation light source for fluorescent colors. The inventive illuminating device for a microscope consists of surface or spatially arranged light sources, which are connected to a control unit for generating any desired illuminating patterns and illuminating spectrums, and an illuminating optic to image these illuminating patterns on the object to be examined. The light sources consist of LEDs (11) which excite at least one luminescence color (14) which is adapted to the wavelength which is emitted by the LEDs (11). The LEDs (11) are arranged concentrically to the optical axis of the illuminating device, preferably, in or in the vicinity of the aperture diaphragm plane.

Abstract: An HMD device has an imaging optic for the right eye and an imaging optic for the left eye. Each imaging optic so images an image, which is generated in the object plane, that the image can be observed by a user in an image plane and each of the imaging optics includes an optical element (23) and a deflecting element (25) mounted downstream of the optical element (23). An image transducer (24) and the optical element (23), which follows the image transducer (24), are held by a linearly guided receptacle frame (15) moveable via a drive unit. A linear movement in the direction of an optical axis takes place. Adjusting wheels (4, 5) are mounted on respective sides of the image window for the right and left eyes. Each of the adjusting wheels (4, 5) is coupled mechanically to a corresponding cam curve. Each cam curve translates a rotational movement of the adjusting wheel (4, 5) into an output end linear movement of the receptacle frame (15).

Abstract: The invention relates to an illuminating device for microscopes, wherein the light source has, in particular, a white light illumination having total daylight spectrum and/or an excitation light source for fluorescent colors. The inventive illuminating device for a microscope consists of surface or spatially arranged light sources, which are connected to a control unit for generating any desired illuminating patterns and illuminating spectrums, and an illuminating optic to image these illuminating patterns on the object to be examined. The light sources consist of LEDs (11) which excite at least one luminescence color (14) which is adapted to the wavelength which is emitted by the LEDs (11). The LEDs (11) are arranged concentrically to the optical axis of the illuminating device, preferably, in or in the vicinity of the aperture diaphragm plane.

Abstract: An HMD device has an imaging optic for the right eye and an imaging optic for the left eye. Each imaging optic so images an image, which is generated in the object plane, that the image can be observed by a user in an image plane and each of the imaging optics includes an optical element (23) and a deflecting element (25) mounted downstream of the optical element (23). An image transducer (24) and the optical element (23), which follows the image transducer (24), are held by a linearly guided receptacle frame (15) moveable via a drive unit. A linear movement in the direction of an optical axis takes place. Adjusting wheels (4, 5) are mounted on respective sides of the image window for the right and left eyes. Each of the adjusting wheels (4, 5) is coupled mechanically to a corresponding cam curve. Each cam curve translates a rotational movement of the adjusting wheel (4, 5) into an output end linear movement of the receptacle frame (15).

Abstract: The invention relates to a mechanism for continuous casting, such as from a melt container. Between the melt container and the casting mold there is arranged an intermediate ladle having a heating device and an outlet to the mold as well as an indicator for predicting the temperature in the melt container. The output signal of the indicator is adapted to be compared with a desired value signal to obtain a comparison signal to control the heating device for substantially constant temperature at the outlet of the intermediate ladle.

Abstract: A method for solidifying medium radioactive aqueous waste liquids, low radioactive aqueous waste liquids, and aqueous waste liquids containing tritium for final non-contaminating storage. The waste liquids are first mixed with absorbing agents, e.g., clay-like substances, hydraulic binders or mixtures thereof, to form granules or pellets of the same. The granules or pellets are then embedded with a binder which is initially present in a liquid state and later hardens. However, granules or pellets formed from medium radioactivity aqueous waste liquids or waste liquids containing tritium compounds are first clad in a first binder and thereafter embedded for final solidification with a second binder.

Abstract: Admixtures of radioactive material contaminated phosphoric acid ester and polyvinyl chloride from essentially nonvolatile masses which do not flow.