Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring a rotation angle. At least one rotatable optical grating is provided to be pivotal on a rotation axis relative to one or more slits parallel to the rotatable optical grating. The rotatable optical grating is radial to the rotation axis. To measure a rotation angle the rotatable optical grating is pivoted relative to at least one stationary optical grating which is radial to a center opposite to a center of the rotatable optical grating. An overlap area is defined between the two optical gratings and measurement of the relative movement between the rotatable optical grating and the stationary optical grating is detected by at least one photoelectric receiver.

Abstract: A method for analyzing a gas by means of microwave absorption including the steps of: generating a microwave at at least one frequency; continuously sweeping the microwave frequency over the absorption frequency of a known pure gas component; transmitting the microwave frequency to a measuring cell containing the gas to be measured and to a reference cell containing the known pure gas component; detecting an absorption measurement signal from the measuring cell; detecting an absorption reference signal from the reference cell; integrating the intensity of the measurement signal; and applying an alternating Stark voltage with a phase shift to the measuring cell and to the reference cell. Also provided is an apparatus which may be used in conjunction with this method.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for the detection of corrosion, pitting or the like in pipelines is proposed and measured results produced in an appropriate manner are digitally converted, linked with measured values concerning the place and azimuth of the individual sensors to form individual blocks, which are intermediately stored to form larger units and are finally stored in a mass store.

Abstract: A method is proposed for detecting foreign bodies in fluids to investigate the fluids such as infusion liquids for foreign bodies which can lead to the plugging of infusion needles or other dangers for a patient. In the method light is directed onto the fluid and the light departing from this fluid is detected. The fluid is illuminated evenly with polarized light, and the light penetrating through the fluid is further dimmed by further polarization. The light intensity of individual measuring regions is measured through photo-electric sensing and the measured intensity is compared with an adjustable threshold so that when the threshold is exceeded at any given time during a measuring interval, corresponding signals are produced.

Abstract: An apparatus for the analysis of gaseous media, the apparatus composed of a microwave transmitter; a microwave receiver; a measuring cell disposed between the transmitter and the receiver, composed of at least one Stark chamber, and having a gas inlet and a gas outlet; at least one Stark electrode disposed in, and electrically insulated from, the chamber; and a plurality of mutually spaced holders holding the electrode in a predetermined position in the chamber.

Abstract: A method for analyzing a gaseous medium with respect to a component having a characteristic absorption frequency spectral line, including the steps of generating microwave radiation at a selected frequency, generating a first Stark voltage selected to have a value such that a reference signal produced by subjecting the component to the microwave radiation and the first Stark voltage has a zero passage, resulting from the change in polarity between the spectral line and the Stark voltage lines, at a frequency coinciding with the characteristic absorption frequency spectral line, and regulating the microwave radiation frequency as a function of frequency shifts of the zero passage of the reference signal.

Abstract: A method and appparatus for continuously measuring the concentration of at least one component of a gas sample by means of a laser for the purpose of charging the gas sample with radiation at a frequency in the range of an absorption line of the component, and employing a detector device for receiving a measurement signal corresponding to the intensity of the transmitted radiation and an evaluation circuit. A single mode laser is employed which is linearly tuned about a gas specific absorption line by means of bandwidth modulation so that at least two different intensity measurement values are obtained for the transmitted radiation from which the extinction, and thus the concentration of the gas component, is determined.

Abstract: Apparatus for electromagnetically testing pipeline walls of steel or the like ferromagnetic material which is equipped, for example with a magnetizing coil for leakage-flux measurements, can be extended for ultrasonic measurement which is inductively excited and inductively measured with regard to the travel time as far as a reflecting surface and back, in the disposed in one or more of the pole regions there is a high-frequency current coil for the transmission and/or reception of steep-edged waves which are inductively coupled at the wall of the pipeline. The associated method starts from a stationary magnetic field in which high-frequency current pulses are produced in order to initiate vibrations in the pipe wall through induced currents. The travel time of these vibrations to a reflecting point and back can be measured in order to obtain an indication regarding the intact thickness of the pipe wall.

Abstract: A motionless mixer has a tubular casing, a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet axially spaced from one another in the casing and defining a flow direction of the fluid, a plurality of discs each having throughgoing apertures for allowing passage of the fluid. The discs have a periphery conforming to the inner cross-sectional contour of the casing. The discs are supported in the casing in a face-to-face oriented relationship to form an axially extending disc stack. The apertures in the discs form a core channel and fringe channels in the stack for dividing a fluid stream into a core stream and fringe streams in a first zone, for dividing the core stream into fringe streams in a second zone and for centripetally combining the fringe streams into a central stream in a third zone. A mechanism prevents the discs from angular displacements relative to one another.

Abstract: A method for producing a component of a separation element for separating a aseous or vaporous mixture into fractions, which element is composed of a plurality of separating nozzle structures presenting passages defining mixture supply channels, separating chambers and fraction discharge channels, which method includes: forming a negative mold of the component by: providing a plate of a selected material whose ability to be removed from the plate is influenced by application of selected radiation; irradiating portions of the plate with such radiation in a pattern corresponding to the passages presented by the nozzle structure and to an extent such that material outside of the regions delimiting the passages is removable more easily than material within those regions; and removing the more easily removable material from the plate to create the negative mold of the component and forming the component by: filling the openings in the negative mold with a second material to create a solid plate-shaped member; and

Abstract: A separating nozzle element composed of a separating body and end plates enclosing the body, for separating components of gaseous or vaporous mixtures, the separating body being provided with separating structures which delimit separating chambers and gas conduits and the end plates being provided with channels for supplying gas to, and removing gas streams from, the separating chambers and conduits, in which the separating body is produced in successive contiguous layers by carrying out the following sequence of steps a plurality of times until a given separating body thickness is achieved: providing a mold layer; irradiating selected portions of the layer with radiation in a spatial pattern corresponding to the separating structures to render only selected regions of the layer which correspond to the separating structures removable in a predetermined manner; removing the selected regions; and filling the spaces thus created in the layer with a material which is compatible with the gaseous or vaporous mixtur

Abstract: A method is provided for separating isotopes of an element where the isots are present in the form of molecules and where the isotopes participate in the vibrations of the molecules and are excited by means of radiation and then separated. Isotopes or elements with a defined nucleon-number are selected in which a shift of the band edges in their absorption spectra is present due to the isotopy effect, and radiation that is used lies within that frequency interval in which the absorption coefficient of one isotope of an isotope mixture or several isotopes of an isotope mixture is greater than that of the other isotope or the remaining portion of the isotopes, respectively.

Abstract: In a method for separating a gaseous or vaporous mixture into components having different molecular weights and/or different gas kinetically effective cross sections by conducting the mixture through a nozzle into a separating chamber and deflecting the mixture in the chamber by mutual jet deflection, dividing the deflected mixture into partial streams having respectively different compositions by means of at least one separating baffle which protrudes into the mixture flow path, and separately removing the partial streams, the mixture is conducted through the nozzle by being distributed substantially uniformly around the axis of the separating chamber by being fed into the chamber from all sides thereof in radial directions along a plane, and the partial streams are removed by causing at least the lightest partial stream to flow radially out of the separating chamber substantially uniformly around the axis of the separating chamber and in a plane approximately parallel with the plane along which the mixture

Abstract: For determining the partial pressure and concentration of a measuring gas which is in mixture with at least one additional gas according to an optical absorption technique, in which a beam of light having a predetermined intensity and alternatingly and cyclically having a first spectral distribution in which the light intensity will be reduced by passage through the measuring gas and a second spectral distribution in which the light intensity will not be reduced by passage through the measuring gas, is passed through such a mixture and its radiation intensity after passage through the mixture is measured in a radiation detector having an active element which is heated by the radiation and which produces an output representative of its degree of heating and composed of alternating measuring signal segments, resulting, respectively, from light having the first and the second spectral distribution, and adjacent signals segments are processed in order to compensate for various interference effects, the detector o