Abstract: A measurement system is described having parts that are not joined directly to the machine being measured, so that a change in the geometry of the machine cannot result in a shifting of the measurement systems relative to one another. The shifting of the measurement systems with respect to one another can also be compensated for by determining the change in the geometry of the machine and of the measurement systems, and compensating the measured value errors in accordance with a mathematical model for the change in geometry.

Abstract: A device for the attachment of a scale component of a length measuring system to a mounting surface of a first body, wherein a second body is arranged to be displaceable in relation to the first body in a measuring direction, wherein an adhesive layer is provided between the scale component and the mounting surface. The device includes at least one spacer that holds the scale component and supports the scale component at a distance from the mounting surface and is displaceably mounted on the mounting surface for alignment; and wherein the at least one spacer is actuated to remove the support and to make the holding force of the adhesive layer between the scale component and the mounting surface effective.

Abstract: A linear encoder including a modular scale having at least one support and a plurality of graduation carriers mounted on the support and arranged one behind another in a longitudinal direction, with the support and the graduation carriers having substantially same coefficients of thermal expansion, and with the graduation carriers having knife-shaped butt junction surfaces, the linear encoder further having a measuring head for scanning the scale.

Abstract: A scale or scanning unit of a measuring instrument for measuring the relative motion of two objects movable toward one another is secured to the one object and cooperates with a scanning unit or a scale to detect the relative location of the object. According to the invention, the scale or the scanning unit has means for at least one interlocking connection with the object, which is embodied along the longitudinal extent of the scale or the scanning unit.

Abstract: A photoelectric position measuring encoder including a scale formed of an electrically non-conductive material and having a graduation, a scanner for photoelectrically scanning the graduation and displaceable relative to the scale in a measuring direction for generating a position-dependent signal, a slide or roller element for supporting the scanner on a scale surface, and an electrically conductive element with which the scanner-supporting scale surface region forms an electrical contact and which is connected to a reference potential.

Abstract: An encoder for determining a position of an object and including a measuring standard, a standard carrier, and a scanner displaceable relative to the measuring standard for scanning the measuring standard, with the limit positions switches being formed as magnetic stripes secured in the end positions of the at least one of measuring standard and the standard carrier, and with the scanner including a Hall element for scanning the magnetic stripes.

Abstract: An encoder including a measuring standard, a scanner for scanning the grating of the measuring standard, a measuring standard carrier having a groove for receiving the measuring standard, a relatively thin glue layer provided between one of the opposite surfaces of the groove and the measuring standard, and at least one spring element provided between another of the opposite surfaces of the groove and the measuring standard.

Abstract: A length measuring system having a scale with a first portion and a second portion separated by a gap, wherein the first and second portions each have incremental graduations. The system further includes a scanner unit for scanning the incremental graduations of the first and second portions, wherein the scanner unit has two groups of scanner elements spaced apart by a greater than the width of the gap. The system has at least one control track parallel to and next to the incremental graduations of the first and second portions. A further scanner element is provided to scan the at least one control track and produce an output signal, wherein the output signal is a function of the absolute position of the first and second portions and controls a switchover from one group of scanner elements to the other group of scanner elements.

Abstract: A sealed encoder for measuring a relative position of two objects movable relative to each other and including a housing connected with one of the objects, an entrain member, which is located in a slot formed in the housing, for supporting a position-measuring device and connected with another of the objects, and resilient strip-shaped sealing elements formed of an electroconductive non-metallic material.

Abstract: A linear encoder for measuring a relative position of two objects and including a scale having a coefficient of thermal expansion between 2.5.times.10.sup.-6 K.sup.-1 and 3.5.times.10.sup.-6 K.sup.-1 approximately, and attachable to one of the objects, and a device for scanning the scale and attachable to the other of the objects.

Abstract: An encapsulated measuring apparatus for determining the relative position of two objects is disclosed which comprises a measurement embodiment, a probing means, a hollow member, a seal, an entrainment member, an installation pedestal and at least one additional seal, wherein the measurement embodiment, together with the probing component probing same, is placed into the hollow member, which is closed by means of the seal through which passes the entrainment member which connects the probing component with an object to be measured. The entrainment member is connected, with the installation pedestal. A space between the hollow member and the installation pedestal is shielded against harmful effects from the surroundings by the at least one additional seal. The at least one additional seal is effective outside of a region where the entrainment member passes through its corresponding seal.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for measuring displacement by determining the relative speed between a scale and a scanning plate from reading out a first track twice at different times. From this, correction values for the other tracks are calculated, which represent values from those tracks that would have been read out if all those tracks had been read out at the same time the first track was read out instead of sequentially.

Abstract: A length measurement device for measuring the relative position of two objects is disclosed wherein a graduation on a scale carrier is scanned by a scanning unit for obtaining measured position values. The scale carrier is connected to a first fixed reference point within the measuring length in a rigid manner, and is connected with a carrier member so as to be longitudinally displaceable, for compensating for measurement errors which are caused by temperature variation. The carrier member is rigidly connected with a first object at a second fixed reference point within the measuring length and is connected so as to be longitudinally displaceable with the first object 1. The first fixed point and/or the second fixed point are changeable or movable within the measuring length.

Abstract: A position measuring apparatus is described wherein a probing unit is connected with a first object and probes the graduation of a measuring scale which is arranged upon a support member. The support member is fastened to a second object. The support member and the second object have different coefficients of thermal expansion. The support member is rigidly connected with an auxiliary support member. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the auxiliary support member differs from the thermal expansion coefficient of the support member. The cross-sections of the support member and the auxiliary support member are chosen so that the resulting coefficient of thermal expansion of the structural combination of the support member and the auxiliary support member is substantially equal to the coefficient of thermal expansion of the second object.

Abstract: A position measuring device for measuring the relative positions of two objects. A scanning unit for scanning a graduation carrier is mounted on a bed of a processing machine through a coupling which is stiff in measuring direction. The coupling includes a first coupling part in the form of a plate fastened to the scanning unit and a second coupling part in the form of a pin having a spherical end face. The pin is fastened to an engagement member mounted on the bed of the processing machine. A sliding layer is provided between the two coupling parts in order to eliminate wear between the two coupling parts and to eliminate measuring inaccuracies.

Abstract: A position measuring device including a scale carrier member and a scanning device for scanning the scale. A temperature difference is generated between the scale carrier member and/or the scanning device, on the one hand, and a housing surrounding the scale carrier member and the scanning device, on the other hand. The temperature difference ensures that condensate is always precipitated on the colder housing.

Abstract: In a length measuring apparatus for measuring the relative position of two objects movable relative to each other a scanning unit fastened to the first object scans the graduation of a scale fastened to the second object. The scale is connected to the second object at both ends by means of two fastening elements. Each fastening element has a length compensation element allowing translatory movement of bearings at the ends of the scale in the measuring direction. The fixing of a reference point on the scale with respect to the second object is accomplished by means of a fixing element which renders one of the length compensation elements ineffective in its functioning.

Abstract: In an incremental measuring instrument for measuring the relative position of two objects, of the type including reference marks absolutely positioned with respect to a graduation of a scale, a first scanning plate with scanning fields for the graduation is provided in a scanning unit which is shiftable on a guide independent of the guide of the objects to be measured. The second scanning plate is connected to the first scanning plate by means of a coupling which is rigid in the measuring direction. In this way the separation of the first and second scanning plates with respect to the scale can be adjusted independently for optimal scanning of both the graduation and the reference marks.

Abstract: A length or angle measuring system is provided in which for the purposes of error correction the graduation of the measuring scale is scanned on both sides of the graduation axis which runs along the measuring direction. The weighting given to the two sides of the measuring graduation is varied according to the desired error correction course. Several different approaches to varying this weighting are disclosed, including the mounting of a scanning unit so as to be shiftable transversely to the graduation axis of the graduation.

Abstract: A photoelectric incremental length or angle measuring device capable of alternate embodiments using transillumination or reflected-light arrangements and having a scanning grid slidable with respect to a spaced measuring scale grid. The ratio of the widths of the photopermeable to the photoimpermeable lines of the scanning grid of such a device is changed from the conventional ratio of 1:1 to a higher ratio which is greater than 2:1, preferably 3:1, while the ratio for these areas of the measurement division grid remains at 1:1. This change of the scanning grid ratio acts to increase the range of acceptable scanning distances.