Abstract: A control system, for example for an optical system, includes: an actuating element; a measuring element for acquiring actuating element measurement data of the actuating element; a regulating unit for generating a regulating signal for regulating the actuating element depending on the acquired actuating element meas-urement data; and a state monitoring unit for monitoring a state of the control system depending on the acquired actuating element measurement data. The state monitoring unit includes: a first processing unit for generating preprocessed state data depending on (i) the acquired actuating element measurement data and a physical model and/or a mathematical model of the actuating element, or (ii) the acquired actuating element measurement data, a physical model and/or a mathematical model of the actuating element and the generated regulating signal; and a second processing unit for determining the state of the control system depending on the preprocessed state data.

Abstract: A control system, for example for an optical system, includes: an actuating element; a measuring element for acquiring actuating element measurement data of the actuating element; a regulating unit for generating a regulating signal for regulating the actuating element depending on the acquired actuating element meas-urement data; and a state monitoring unit for monitoring a state of the control system depending on the acquired actuating element measurement data. The state monitoring unit includes: a first processing unit for generating preprocessed state data depending on (i) the acquired actuating element measurement data and a physical model and/or a mathematical model of the actuating element, or (ii) the acquired actuating element measurement data, a physical model and/or a mathematical model of the actuating element and the generated regulating signal; and a second processing unit for determining the state of the control system depending on the preprocessed state data.

Abstract: To produce products from metal, such as powders, foils, coatings and molded parts, such as pins, pipes or sheets, from metal in the form of a semifinished product (15), the metal of the semifinished product (15) is melted by an inductive magnetic field (12), atomized and allowed to solidify in a chamber (25) into a powder or sprayed onto a carrier and hardened on the carrier. The molten metal is supplied in a gas nozzle (10) which is made either as a Laval nozzle or as a Venturi nozzle, as a film (21) which is stabilized by gas flows (14), and is then atomized by other gas flows (13).

Abstract: A method for atomizing liquid films to fine droplets (2), wherein the liquid (2) is discharged from an elongate slotted nozzle (3) in the shape of a straight film. The outlet opening of the slotted nozzle (3) is located inside a linear Venturi nozzle (5) in whose divergent section linear gas outlet openings (7) (Laval nozzles) are provided and impinged upon by gas (6). The negative pressure produced in the area of the Laval nozzles (7) draws in gas flows (4) from the gas chambers (1), located at both sides of the liquid film and delimited by the convergent section of the Venturi nozzle (5). Said gas flows stabilize the liquid film in such a manner that it is atomized to a tent-shaped cone of liquid droplets only after passage of the narrowest point of the Venturi nozzle (5).

Abstract: Water pump pliers consisting of two pincer parts crossing themselves in a connecting region, each consisting of a handle portion and a jaw wherein said pincer parts are movably connected in said connecting region in such a way that said first pincer can be displaced relative to the second pincer to adjust a jaw opening-width on the one hand, and that the pincer parts with jaws can reciprocally pivot on the other hand. A blocking means is provided in such a manner that further shifting of the first pincer part is blocked when the jaws stop against a workpiece to be gripped. A spring element is installed between the pincer parts in such a way that a releasing force from the spring, operating in the opening direction of the jaws, acts upon the pincer parts.

Abstract: Water pump pliers consisting of two pincer parts crossing themselves in a connecting region, each consisting of a handle portion and a jaw wherein said pincer parts are movably connected in said connecting region in such a way that said first pincer can be displaced relative to the second pincer to adjust a jaw opening-width on the one hand, and that the pincer parts with jaws can reciprocally pivot on the other hand. A blocking means is provided in such a manner that further shifting of the first pincer part is blocked when the jaws stop against a workpiece to be gripped. A spring element is installed between the pincer parts in such a way that a releasing force from the spring, operating in the opening direction of the jaws, acts upon the pincer parts.

Abstract: A pair of water pump pliers, comprising two pincer parts crossing themselves in a connecting region, each consisting of a handle portion and a jaw, wherein the pincer parts are movably connected in the connecting region in such a manner that the first pincer can be displaced relative to the second pincer to adjust the jaw opening width. The pincer parts reciprocally pivot on the other hand, wherein a blocking mechanism is provided in such a manner that further shifting of the first pincer part is blocked when the jaws stop against a workpiece. Also, a spring element is installed between the handle is such a manner that a releasing force from the spring, operating in the jaws' opening direction, acts upon the pincer parts.

Abstract: A method and nozzle for producing fine powder by atomizing molten material with gas are provided. Molten material, in the form of a film, flows out of a molten material nozzle that has an essentially rectangular discharge cross-sectional area. Thereafter, the molten material, together with an atomizing gas, flows through an initially converging and then diverging gas nozzle that is in the form of a linear Laval nozzle, has an essentially rectangular cross-sectional area, and through which flow is laminar. Laminar accelerated gas flow stabilizes and simultaneously stretches the film of molten material in the converging portion of the Laval nozzle until the film of molten material, after passing the narrowest cross-sectional area of the Laval nozzle, is uniformly atomized over its entire length.

Abstract: An aqueous polymer emulsion obtainable by free radical polymerization of monomers in aqueous emulsion in the presence of a polymeric protective colloid contains, as components,from 5 to 50% by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer having at least one acid or acid anhydride group (monomers I),from 0.1 to 80% by weight of at least one (meth)acrylate of an aliphatic alcohol of at least 10 carbon atoms (monomers II),from 0 to 94.9% by weight of main monomers selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl (meth)acrylates, vinyl esters of carboxylic acids of up to 20 carbon atoms, vinyl aromatics of up to 20 carbon atoms, ethylenically unsaturated nitriles, vinyl halides and aliphatic hydrocarbons having 2 to 8 carbon atoms and 1 or 2 double bonds (monomers III) andfrom 0 to 60% by weight of further monomers (monomers IV),the stated weights being based on the polymeric protective colloid.

Abstract: A protective helmet for bicycles has a skeletal outer body of impact-resistant and impact-absorbing hard synthetic resin and a cushion cap within this body which substantially completely encloses the cranium of the wearer and bridges spaces between the relatively narrow bands from which the skeletal outer body is constituted. The bands include a chin band forming a ring with a occipital band, a frontal band bridging across the chin band and a saggital band centrally connecting the frontal band and the occipital band.

Abstract: A process for electrolytic production of fine-grained, single-phase, metallic alloy powders, especially powders of intermetallic compounds as well as noble metal alloy powders, is described in which powdery metallic precipitates are galvanically produced on the cathode from an electrolytic precipitating bath known in the art, which contains in solution the metals to be precipitated, under electrolysis conditions causing a powder precipitation known in the art. For the production of alloy powders with defined properties, it is determined, first in preliminary tests by gradual increase of the cathode potential with otherwise constant process parameters, the minimum cathode potential at which single-phase alloy powders result and then the powder precipitation is potentiostatically performed in a cathode potential at or above the minimum for the single-phase alloy precipitation.

Abstract: Carboxylates of hydroxyl-containing polymers are prepared by reacting a finely dispersed hydroxyl-containing polymer with a carboxylic anhydride in the heterogeneous phase in the presence of a tertiary amine as a catalyst by a method in which an N-alkylimidazole, where alkyl is of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, is used as the catalyst.

Abstract: Photosensitive recording materials which are suitable for the production of printing plates and relief plates and possess a photopolymerizable relief-forming layer which can be developed with water and is based on a polyvinylalcohol/monomer mixture contain, as a binder in the said layer, a polyvinylalcohol derivative which is obtained by reacting polyvinylalcohol with an acylating agent which has groups which are polymerizable by free radicals, the reaction being carried out in the heterogeneous phase, in an aprotic dispersant, using the acylating agent in an amount which corresponds to not less than twice the molar amount required to achieve the desired degree of acylation.