Abstract: An apparatus to detect neutrons and gamma rays is provided. The apparatus has at least one scintillator material and at least one neutron-gamma converter in gamma communication with the scintillator material. The neutron-gamma converter is adapted to emit gamma radiation upon capturing neutrons. The apparatus further has an analyzer. The neutron-gamma converter has at least one isotope having a daughter nucleus having a level scheme having at least one long-lived excited state, where the long-lived excited state has a lifetime between 1 nanosecond and 500 nanoseconds, and is at least sometimes involved in de-excitation cascades following neutron captures. The analyzer finds and analyzes delayed detections comprising prompt components and delayed components in the recorded signal in order to quantify event parameters and to compute a measure for a thermal neutron flux the apparatus is exposed to using the event parameters.

Abstract: A photodetector (90) having an exposure surface (91) has a first photodiode array (1) having a first light entry surface (11) and a second photodiode array (2) having a second light entry surface (21). The first photodiode array (1) has an avalanche photodiode (10). The second photodiode array (2) has a non-amplifying photodiode (10). The first light entry surface (11) and the second light entry surface (21) form sub-surfaces of the exposure surface (91).

Abstract: A method of distinguishing effective pulses from test pulses in a scintillation detector that generates measurement light pulses includes providing a regularly-pulsed test light source that produces individual test light pulses having a time-dependent course of relative light intensity, which differs from a time-dependent course of relative light intensity of the measurement light pulses. The test light pulses are provided to a light detector for measurement of the test light pulses. The time-dependent courses of the relative light intensities of the test light pulses are analyzed. The measured pulses are separated into the test light pulses and the measurement light pulses according to the different time-dependent courses of the relative light intensities. The detector includes a scintillator, a light detector, a regularly-pulsed test light source that is adapted provide test light pulses to the light detector for measurement, and an electronic measuring circuit.

Abstract: The invention is related to a method for monitoring a range of a particle beam in a target. The method is using gamma detectors for detecting prompt gammas produced in the target. The time differences between the time of detecting a gamma quantum and a time of emission of a particle or a bunch of particles from the radiation device are determined. A statistical distribution of those time difference is used to deduce information related to the range of the beam. The invention is also related to an apparatus for monitoring a range based on measured time profiles of detected prompt gammas.

Abstract: The invention is related to a method for monitoring a range of a particle beam in a target. The method is using gamma detectors for detecting prompt gammas produced in the target. The time differences between the time of detecting a gamma quantum and a time of emission of a particle or a bunch of particles from the radiation device are determined. A statistical distribution of those time difference is used to deduce information related to the range of the beam. The invention is also related to an apparatus for monitoring a range based on measured time profiles of detected prompt gammas.

Abstract: A directional gamma radiation detector system for determining an angle under which a measured gamma radiation hits a gamma radiation detector system, includes gamma radiation detectors arranged in close distance; detector electronics for operating the at least two gamma radiation detectors as spectrometers in a way that the detector electronics are collecting energy spectra of the detected gamma rays for each gamma radiation detector; and system electronics allowing the directional gamma radiation detector system to identify coincident events in the at least two gamma radiation detectors.

Abstract: The invention relates to a neutron detector for detection of neutrons in fields with significant ?- or ?-radiation, comprising a neutron sensitive scintillator crystal, providing a neutron capture signal being larger than the capture signal of 3 MeV ?-radiation, a semiconductor based photo detector being optically coupled to the scintillator crystal, where the scintillator crystal and the semiconductor based photo detector are selected so that the total charge collection time for scintillator signals in the semiconductor based photo detector is larger than the total charge collection time for signals generated by direct detection of ionizing radiation in the semiconductor based photo detector, the neutron detector further comprising a device for sampling the detector signals, a digital signal processing device, means which distinguish direct signals from the semiconductor based photo detector, caused by ?- or ?-radiation and being at least partially absorbed in the semiconductor based photo detector, from lig

Abstract: The invention relates to a detector for measuring nuclear radiation, especially gamma-radiation, comprising a scintillator crystal with a light decay time of less than 100 ns, a silicon drift detector (SDD) for the measurement of both direct hits of low energy radiation and the light, being emitted from the scintillator crystal, the silicon drift detector being mounted between the scintillation crystal and the radiation entry window, a preamplifier, connected to the SDD, electronic devices, being capable of determining the signal rise time of the measured signals and of separating the signals on the basis of said rise time, electronic devices, being capable of separately collecting the energy spectra of SDD and scintillator detection events on the basis of the different rise times.

Abstract: A directional gamma radiation detector system for determining an angle under which a measured gamma radiation hits a gamma radiation detector system, includes gamma radiation detectors arranged in close distance; detector electronics for operating the at least two gamma radiation detectors as spectrometers in a way that the detector electronics are collecting energy spectra of the detected gamma rays for each gamma radiation detector; and system electronics allowing the directional gamma radiation detector system to identify coincident events in the at least two gamma radiation detectors.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting neutron radiation includes a first section with a high neutron absorption capability and a second section with a low neutron absorption capability. The second section includes a gamma ray scintillator having an inorganic material with an attenuation length of less than 10 cm for gamma rays of 5 MeV energy. The material of the first section releases the energy deployed in the first section by neutron capture mainly via gamma radiation. A substantial portion of the first section is covered by the second section. An evaluation device determines the amount of light detected by a light detector for one scintillation event, and the amount is in a known relation to the energy deployed by gamma radiation in the second section. The evaluation device classifies detected radiation as neutrons when the measured total gamma energy Esum is above 2,614 MeV.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting neutron radiation includes a gamma ray scintillator having an inorganic material with an attenuation length Lg of less than 10 cm for gamma rays of 5 MeV energy to provide for high gamma ray stopping power for energetic gamma rays within the -gamma ray scintillator. The gamma ray scintillator includes components with a product of neutron capture cross section and concentration leading to an absorption length Ln for thermal neutrons which is larger than 0.5 cm but smaller than five times the attenuation length Lg for 5 MeV gammas, the gamma ray scintillator having a diameter or edge length of at least 50% of Lg. The apparatus includes an evaluation device to determine the amount of light, detected by a light detector for one scintillation event The evaluation device classifies detected radiation as neutrons when the measured total gamma energy Esum is above 2,614 MeV.

Abstract: The invention relates to a detector for the measurement of ionizing radiation, preferably ?-radiation and x-rays, comprising a scintillator and a light detector, the light detector being stabilized by using a predefined light source, preferably a Light Emitting Diode (LED), where the length and/or shape of the light pulses of the light source is different from the length and/or shape of the light pulses emitted by the scintillator. The light source induced pulses and the radiation induced pulses are separated from all other pulses on the basis of their pulse width. The detector is additionally stabilized by correcting the measured light output, that is the pulse height of the output signals, of the detector with the detector temperature shift, being dependant from the average pulse width of the accumulated ?-pulses.

Abstract: A method for linearizing a radiation detector is provided, the method including measuring a pulse height spectrum of a predetermined radiation source, identifying at least one spectrum template for the predetermined radiation source, and determining a linearization function by comparing the measured pulse height spectrum with the at least one identified spectrum template. The at least one spectrum template is a predefined synthesized energy spectrum for the predetermined radiation source and for the corresponding radiation detector. Further, a detector for measuring one or more types of radiation is provided, the detector being adapted for transforming the measured pulse height spectrum in an energy-calibrated spectrum, the transformation including a linearization step, where a linearization function used with the linearization step is determined according to the inventive method.

Abstract: The invention relates to a detector for the measurement of ionizing radiation, preferably ?-radiation and x-rays, comprising a scintillator and a light detector, the light detector being stabilized by using a predefined light source, preferably a Light Emitting Diode (LED), where the length and/or shape of the light pulses of the light source is different from the length and/or shape of the light pulses emitted by the scintillator. The light source induced pulses and the radiation induced pulses are separated from all other pulses on the basis of their pulse width. The detector is additionally stabilized by correcting the measured light output, that is the pulse height of the output signals, of the detector with the detector temperature shift, being dependant from the average pulse width of the accumulated ?-pulses.

Abstract: A method for linearizing a radiation detector is provided, the method including measuring a pulse height spectrum of a predetermined radiation source, identifying at least one spectrum template for the predetermined radiation source, and determining a linearization function by comparing the measured pulse height spectrum with the at least one identified spectrum template. The at least one spectrum template is a predefined synthesized energy spectrum for the predetermined radiation source and for the corresponding radiation detector. Further, a detector for measuring one or more types of radiation is provided, the detector being adapted for transforming the measured pulse height spectrum in an energy-calibrated spectrum, the transformation including a linearization step, where a linearization function used with the linearization step is determined according to the inventive method.

Abstract: The invention relates to a detector for measuring nuclear radiation, especially gamma-radiation, comprising a scintillator crystal with a light decay time of less than 100 ns, a silicon drift detector (SDD) for the measurement of both direct hits of low energy radiation and the light, being emitted from the scintillator crystal, the silicon drift detector being mounted between the scintillation crystal and the radiation entry window, a preamplifier, connected to the SDD, electronic devices, being capable of determining the signal rise time of the measured signals and of separating the signals on the basis of said rise time, electronic devices, being capable of separately collecting the energy spectra of SDD and scintillator detection events on the basis of the different rise times.

Abstract: The invention relates to a neutron detector for detection of neutrons in fields with significant ?- or ?-radiation, comprising a neutron sensitive scintillator crystal, providing a neutron capture signal being larger than the capture signal of 3 MeV ?-radiation, a semiconductor based photo detector being optically coupled to the scintillator crystal, where the scintillator crystal and the semiconductor based photo detector are selected so that the total charge collection time for scintillator signals in the semiconductor based photo detector is larger than the total charge collection time for signals generated by direct detection of ionizing radiation in the semiconductor based photo detector, the neutron detector further comprising a device for sampling the detector signals, a digital signal processing device, means which distinguish direct signals from the semiconductor based photo detector, caused by ?- or ?-radiation and being at least partially absorbed in the semiconductor based photo detector, from lig

Abstract: A detector for the measurement of radiation, preferably ionizing radiation, includes a medium, means for the conversion of the radiation energy absorbed by the medium into electrical charge, means for digital sampling of the charge signals, means for the determination of a calibration factor K, and means for the stabilization of the output signals of the detector. The medium at least partly absorbs the radiation to be measured. The electric charge is at least partially proportional to the energy of the radiation. The sampling is done preferably with a sampling rate between 1 and 1000 MHz. Further signal processing is digital. The calibration factor K has a fixed relation with respect to the decay time ? of the medium. The output signals of the detector are mainly proportional to the radiation energy, and are stabilized with the help of the calibration factor K.

Abstract: Method for correction of the temperature dependency of a light quantity L emitted by a light emitting diode (LED), being operated in pulsed mode with substantially constant pulse duration tP, and measured in a light detector, using a predetermined parameter X, correlated to the temperature T of the LED in a predetermined ratio, whereby a correction factor K is determined from the parameter X, preferably using a calibration table, especially preferred using an analytic predetermined function, whereby the measured emitted light quantity L is corrected for the temperature contingent fluctuations of the emitted light quantity, whereby the parameter X is determined from at least two output signals of the LED, which are related to each other in a predetermined manner.

Abstract: A detector for the measurement of radiation, preferably ionizing radiation, includes a medium, means for the conversion of the radiation energy absorbed by the medium into electrical charge, means for digital sampling of the charge signals, means for the determination of a calibration factor K, and means for the stabilization of the output signals of the detector. The medium at least partly absorbs the radiation to be measured. The electric charge is at least partially proportional to the energy of the radiation. The sampling is done preferably with a sampling rate between 1 and 1000 MHz. Further signal processing is digital. The calibration factor K has a fixed relation with respect to the decay time ? of the medium. The output signals of the detector are mainly proportional to the radiation energy, and are stabilized with the help of the calibration factor K.