Abstract: Efficient and economic devices and methods for dual-mode sample introduction of liquid samples to an analytical detector exemplified by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (PVG-ICPMS) or an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICPOES) are described. Various embodiments of pneumatic nebulization (PN)-photochemical vapor generation (PVG) dual-mode introduction can enhance introduction efficiency for PVG-active elements and smooth, bubble-free nebulization for all elements. A compact yet highly efficient porous membrane gas-liquid separator (MGLS) in its various embodiments plays a key role in systems and methods described.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus related to fluorinated lithium- and manganese-rich layered oxides. In one aspect, a method includes mixing metal precursors to form a first mixture. The metal precursors include a lithium precursor and a manganese precursor. A halide mixture is mixed with the first mixture to form a second mixture. The halide mixture includes a fluorine precursor and a chlorine reaction medium. The second mixture is heat treated to generate a fluorinated Li- and Mn-rich oxide.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus related to lithium-ion batteries. In one aspect, a method includes synthesizing an intermediate selected from a group of a nickel-manganese-cobalt nitrate, a nickel-manganese-cobalt acetate, a nickel-manganese-cobalt sulfate, a nickel-manganese-cobalt chloride, and a nickel-manganese-cobalt phosphate. The intermediate is mixed with a lithium salt selected from a group of LiOH, LiCl, LiNO3, LiSO4, LiF, LiBr, Li3PO4, Li2CO3, and combinations thereof to form a mixture. The mixture is annealed at a sequence of temperatures and times to form a plurality of single crystals of a lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide, with no cooling of the mixture between operations of the sequence of temperatures and times.

Abstract: Efficient and economic devices and methods for dual-mode sample introduction of liquid samples to an analytical detector exemplified by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (PVG-ICPMS) or an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICPOES) are described. Various embodiments of pneumatic nebulization (PN)-photochemical vapor generation (PVG) dual-mode introduction can enhance introduction efficiency for PVG-active elements and smooth, bubble-free nebulization for all elements. A compact yet highly efficient porous membrane gas-liquid separator (MGLS) in its various embodiments plays a key role in systems and methods described.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus related to an all-solid-state battery including a solid electrolyte. In one aspect, a device includes a first layer of an ionically conducting oxide, a second layer of the ionically conducting oxide disposed on the first layer, and an anode disposed on the second layer of the ionically conducting oxide. The first layer defines through pores having a tortuosity of about 1. The first layer includes transition metal oxide particles and an ionically conducting solid disposed in the through pores. The transition metal oxide particles are a cathode. The first layer and the ionically conducting solid are an electrolyte. The second layer does not define any through pores. The second layer is a separator.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus related to lithium metal oxyfluorides. In one aspect, a method for manufacturing a lithium metal oxyfluoride having a general formula Li1+x(MM?)zO2-yFy, with 0.6?z?0.95, 0<y?0.67, and 0.05?x?0.4, the lithium metal oxyfluoride having a cation-disordered rocksalt structure, includes: providing at least one lithium-based precursor; providing at least one redox-active transition metal-based precursor; providing at least one redox-inactive transition metal-based precursor; providing at least one fluorine-based precursor comprising a fluoropolymer; and mixing the at least one lithium-based precursor, the at least one redox-active transition metal-based precursor, the at least redox-inactive transition metal-based precursor, and the at least one fluorine-based precursor comprising a fluoropolymer to form a mixture.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus related to lithium-ion batteries. In one aspect, a method includes synthesizing an intermediate selected from a group of a nickel-manganese-cobalt nitrate, a nickel-manganese-cobalt acetate, a nickel-manganese-cobalt sulfate, a nickel-manganese-cobalt chloride, and a nickel-manganese-cobalt phosphate. The intermediate is mixed with a lithium salt selected from a group of LiOH, LiCl, LiNO3, LiSO4, LiF, LiBr, Li3PO4, Li2CO3, and combinations thereof to form a mixture. The mixture is annealed at a sequence of temperatures and times to form a plurality of single crystals of a lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide, with no cooling of the mixture between operations of the sequence of temperatures and times.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus related to composite cathodes for all solid-state batteries. In one aspect, an all solid-state battery comprises a composite cathode, a separator, and an anode. The composite cathode comprises LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2, x?0.33, with about 80% or more of the LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2 comprising single crystals of LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2. The LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2 is embedded in a matrix of a first lithium metal halide solid electrolyte comprising Li6-3aMaX6, 0<a<2. M is an element from a group of magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), scandium (Sc), indium (In), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), yttrium (Y), lanthanum (La), samarium (Sm), bismuth (Bi), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), ytterbium (Yb), and combinations thereof. X is a halide from a group of chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and combinations thereof.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus related to lithium metal oxyfluorides. In one aspect, a method for manufacturing a lithium metal oxyfluoride having a general formula Li1+x(MM?)zO2-yFy, with 0.6?z?0.95, 0<y?0.67, and 0.05?x?0.4, the lithium metal oxyfluoride having a cation-disordered rocksalt structure, includes: providing at least one lithium-based precursor; providing at least one redox-active transition metal-based precursor; providing at least one redox-inactive transition metal-based precursor; providing at least one fluorine-based precursor comprising a fluoropolymer; and mixing the at least one lithium-based precursor, the at least one redox-active transition metal-based precursor, the at least redox-inactive transition metal-based precursor, and the at least one fluorine-based precursor comprising a fluoropolymer to form a mixture.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus related to an all-solid-state battery including a solid electrolyte. In one aspect, a device includes a first layer of an ionically conducting oxide, a second layer of the ionically conducting oxide disposed on the first layer, and an anode disposed on the second layer of the ionically conducting oxide. The first layer defines through pores having a tortuosity of about 1. The first layer includes transition metal oxide particles and an ionically conducting solid disposed in the through pores. The transition metal oxide particles are a cathode. The first layer and the ionically conducting solid are an electrolyte. The second layer does not define any through pores. The second layer is a separator.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a device comprising or configured to comprise composite resin electrodes. Further provided are methods of using the device for selectively removing dissolved ions from water.

Abstract: The present invention provides for a device useful or removing dissolved ions from water comprising or configured to comprise composite resin electrodes. The present invention provides for a device useful for removing dissolved ions from water comprising or configured to comprise composite resin electrodes. The present invention also provides for a method for removing dissolved ions from water comprising providing said device, and using it thereof.

Abstract: The cryogenic trapping system traps organic arsenicals within a centrally-positioned cryotrap body and allows inorganic arsenical to flow through the cryotrap body. As a hydride gas is directed into the central cryotrap body, the gas is cooled by a pair of Peltier units that sandwich the cryotrap body so that the cold side of each of the Peltier units abuts the cryotrap body. The hot side of each Peltier unit abuts a heat exchanger—which cools the Peltier unit. In the preferred embodiment, organic arsenicals are trapped in a sorbent bed within the cryotrap body.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a device comprising or configured to comprise composite resin electrodes. Further provided are methods of using the device for selectively removing dissolved ions from water.

Abstract: The cryogenic trapping system traps organic arsenicals within a centrally-positioned cryotrap body and allows inorganic arsenical to flow through the cryotrap body. As a hydride gas is directed into the central cryotrap body, the gas is cooled by a pair of Peltier units that sandwich the cryotrap body so that the cold side of each of the Peltier units abuts the cryotrap body. The hot side of each Peltier unit abuts a heat exchanger—which cools the Peltier unit. In the preferred embodiment, organic arsenicals are trapped in a sorbent bed within the cryotrap body.

Abstract: The present invention provides for a device useful or removing dissolved ions from water comprising or configured to comprise composite resin electrodes. The present invention provides for a device useful for removing dissolved ions from water comprising or configured to comprise composite resin electrodes. The present invention also provides for a method for removing dissolved ions from water comprising providing said device, and using it thereof.

Abstract: This invention relates to low-cost, electroactive-polymer incorporated fine-fiber composite membranes for use as overcharge and/or overdischarge protection separators in non-aqueous electrochemical cells and the methods for making such membranes.

Abstract: This invention relates to low-cost, electroactive-polymer incorporated fine-fiber composite membranes for use as overcharge and/or overdischarge protection separators in non-aqueous electrochemical cells and the methods for making such membranes.