Abstract: An electronic device includes processing circuitry configured to calculate an intra metric based on cross correlation of first reference signal symbols (RSs) included in a first precoding resource block group (PRG) to which a target resource element (RE) belongs, calculate an inter metric based on cross correlation of one or more second RSs and one or more among the first RSs, the one or more second RSs being included in a second PRG adjacent to the first PRG along a frequency axis of a physical channel, the one or more second RSs being in proximity to the target RE, and the physical channel being received from a base station, compare a first ratio between the intra metric and the inter metric with a threshold ratio to obtain a comparison result, and determine a channel estimation mode with respect to the target RE based on the comparison result.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting a substance comprising a direct analysis in real time apparatus; a neutral excluder; a mass spectrometer; and a vessel in. The apparatus may also comprise a separator, a gas, an alcohol, a filter, and a pump. The apparatus may also comprise electrodes in communication with the direct analysis in real time apparatus and the neutral excluder. A method for detecting a substance comprising contacting the substance with a direct analysis in real time apparatus ion stream; forming an ion and a neutral particle; flowing the ion and the neutral particle into a neutral excluder; contacting the ion and the neutral particle with a gas; and flowing the ion into a mass spectrometer.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting a substance comprising a direct analysis in real time apparatus; a neutral excluder; a mass spectrometer; and a vessel in. The apparatus may also comprise a separator, a gas, an alcohol, a filter, and a pump. The apparatus may also comprise electrodes in communication with the direct analysis in real time apparatus and the neutral excluder. A method for detecting a substance comprising contacting the substance with a direct analysis in real time apparatus ion stream; forming an ion and a neutral particle; flowing the ion and the neutral particle into a neutral excluder; contacting the ion and the neutral particle with a gas; and flowing the ion into a mass spectrometer.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting a substance comprising a direct analysis in real time apparatus; a neutral excluder; a mass spectrometer; and a vessel in. The apparatus may also comprise a separator, a gas, an alcohol, a filter, and a pump. The apparatus may also comprise electrodes in communication with the direct analysis in real time apparatus and the neutral excluder. A method for detecting a substance comprising contacting the substance with a direct analysis in real time apparatus ion stream; forming an ion and a neutral particle; flowing the ion and the neutral particle into a neutral excluder; contacting the ion and the neutral particle with a gas; and flowing the ion into a mass spectrometer.

Abstract: A system for multi-stage differential mobility spectrometer (multi-stage DMS) and the method of operating and using the same are described. Ions produced in an ionization source are introduced into the separation region of multi-stage DMS, which includes at least two DMS stages. Each DMS stage is configured to generate separation and compensation fields to characterize, separate, or select ion species. The separation region further includes ion alteration stages which are placed between various adjacent stages of multi-stage DMS. Alteration of ions can be both chemical and physical. Ions which are separated, altered, and selectively passed by all DMS stages of multi-stage DMS are then measured or further characterized by the Faraday plate detectors or a mass spectrometer.