Abstract: In one example, a semiconductor device can comprise a substrate, a device stack, first and second internal interconnects, and an encapsulant. The substrate can comprise a first and second substrate sides opposite each other, a substrate outer sidewall between the first substrate side and the second substrate side, and a substrate inner sidewall defining a cavity between the first substrate side and the second substrate side. The device stack can be in the cavity and can comprise a first electronic device, and a second electronic device stacked on the first electronic device. The first internal interconnect can be coupled to the substrate and the device stack. The encapsulant can cover the substrate inner sidewall and the device stack and can fill the cavity. Other examples and related methods are disclosed herein.

Abstract: A system of controlling a charging apparatus for a vehicle may include a power supply unit supplying an AC power, a power factor correction (PFC) converter unit connected to the power supply unit and converting the AC power supplied from the power supply unit into a DC power and supplying the converted DC power to a load, and a controller extracting a high frequency component from the AC power input to the PFC converter unit, determining a frequency of the extracted high frequency component, and limiting, when the determined frequency is equal to or greater than a predetermined value, output power from the PFC converter unit to a value lower than the predetermined value.

Abstract: A charging apparatus may include a power factor correction converter including a switching element, to correct a power factor of AC power provided by external charging equipment through ON/OFF control of the switching element, to convert the corrected power factor into DC power, and to output the DC power; a DC link capacitor connected to both ends of the PFC converter to form a DC voltage; a DC-DC converter converting a magnitude of the DC voltage formed by the DC link capacitor into a magnitude of a voltage required by an energy storage device to be charged; and a duty controller configured to determine a duty of the switching element in the PFC converter based on a magnitude of a common-mode component of an AC voltage of the AC power provided by the external charging equipment and the magnitude of the DC voltage formed by the DC link capacitor.

Abstract: Disclosed is a charging apparatus capable of reducing a low-frequency leakage current, the charging apparatus including a duty controller that determines a duty of a switching element in a power factor correction converter based on a level of a common-mode component of an alternating-current (AC) voltage of AC power provided from an external charging facility, a level of a direct-current (DC) voltage formed by a DC link capacitor, and a leakage current flowing from a connection node of two input-terminal Y-capacitors and a connection node of two output-terminal Y-capacitors to the ground.

Abstract: Disclosed are a PFC controller and a method of controlling the PFC controller. The PFC controller can include: a voltage controller configured to control a PFC output terminal voltage using a PFC output terminal voltage value and a PFC output terminal requirement voltage value; a current controller configured to control a PFC input terminal current by deriving a PFC input terminal requirement current value using an output of the voltage controller and by deriving a PFC duty using the PFC input terminal requirement current value and a PFC input terminal current value; and a distortion compensator configured to monitor an input voltage of an input power source, determine whether the input voltage is distorted, and prevent a divergence of the PFC input terminal current by transmitting a distortion frequency to the current controller when the input voltage is distorted.

Abstract: A current stabilization method performed by a vehicle charging apparatus, which includes a power factor corrector for correcting a power factor of an alternating current (AC) power source, vehicle charging apparatus converting an AC voltage of the AC power source into a direct current (DC) voltage to charge a vehicle battery, may include downwardly-adjusting a current control bandwidth of the power factor corrector when the adjusting of the current control bandwidth of the power factor corrector is requested.

Abstract: A charging apparatus may include a power factor correction converter including a switching element, to correct a power factor of AC power provided by external charging equipment through ON/OFF control of the switching element, to convert the corrected power factor into DC power, and to output the DC power; a DC link capacitor connected to both ends of the PFC converter to form a DC voltage; a DC-DC converter converting a magnitude of the DC voltage formed by the DC link capacitor into a magnitude of a voltage required by an energy storage device to be charged; and a duty controller configured to determine a duty of the switching element in the PFC converter based on a magnitude of a common-mode component of an AC voltage of the AC power provided by the external charging equipment and the magnitude of the DC voltage formed by the DC link capacitor.

Abstract: Disclosed is a charging apparatus capable of reducing a low-frequency leakage current, the charging apparatus including a duty controller that determines the duty of a switching element in a power factor correction converter on the basis of the level of a common-mode component of an AC voltage of AC power provided from an external charging facility, the level of the DC voltage formed by a DC link capacitor, and a leakage current flowing from the connection node of input-terminal Y-capacitors and the connection node of output-terminal Y-capacitors to the ground.

Abstract: A system of controlling a charging apparatus for a vehicle may include a power supply unit supplying an AC power, a power factor correction (PFC) converter unit connected to the power supply unit and converting the AC power supplied from the power supply unit into a DC power and supplying the converted DC power to a load, and a controller extracting a high frequency component from the AC power input to the PFC converter unit, determining a frequency of the extracted high frequency component, and limiting, when the determined frequency is equal to or greater than a predetermined value, output power from the PFC converter unit to a value lower than the predetermined value.

Abstract: Disclosed are a PFC controller and a method of controlling the PFC controller. The PFC controller can include: a voltage controller configured to control a PFC output terminal voltage using a PFC output terminal voltage value and a PFC output terminal requirement voltage value; a current controller configured to control a PFC input terminal current by deriving a PFC input terminal requirement current value using an output of the voltage controller and by deriving a PFC duty using the PFC input terminal requirement current value and a PFC input terminal current value; and a distortion compensator configured to monitor an input voltage of an input power source, determine whether the input voltage is distorted, and prevent a divergence of the PFC input terminal current by transmitting a distortion frequency to the current controller when the input voltage is distorted.

Abstract: A circuit has a variable output that changes an output of a fixed input inversion amplification circuit, which includes a first operation amplifier with one input terminal that is applied with a fixed input value. The circuit includes an intermediate inversion amplification circuit having a second operation amplifier with an output terminal that is connected to another input terminal of the operation amplifier included in the fixed input inversion amplification circuit. One input terminal of the second operation amplifier is applied with the same input value as the fixed input value applied to the one input terminal of the first operation amplifier. Another input terminal of the second operation amplifier is applied with a variable input corresponding to an output of the first operation amplifier.

Abstract: A current stabilization method performed by a vehicle charging apparatus, which includes a power factor corrector for correcting a power factor of an alternating current (AC) power source, vehicle charging apparatus converting an AC voltage of the AC power source into a direct current (DC) voltage to charge a vehicle battery, may include downwardly-adjusting a current control bandwidth of the power factor corrector when the adjusting of the current control bandwidth of the power factor corrector is requested.

Abstract: A method for controlling a power factor correction circuit includes: sensing, by a control unit, an input signal; deriving, by the control unit, a delay correction input signal using the input signal and a previous input signal that is sensed before the input signal; and controlling, by the control unit, the power factor correction circuit using the derived delay correction input signal.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling an LLC converter is provided. The apparatus includes a current controller that determines a first switching frequency control value of a switching element in the LLC converter to cause an output current detection value of the LLC converter to correspond to a predetermined output current command value. Additionally, a feedforward controller determines a second switching frequency control value for operating the switching element by applying a feedforward control value that corresponds to a ripple component included in an input voltage of the LLC converter to the first switching frequency control value.

Abstract: A circuit has a variable output that changes an output of a fixed input inversion amplification circuit, which includes a first operation amplifier with one input terminal that is applied with a fixed input value. The circuit includes an intermediate inversion amplification circuit having a second operation amplifier with an output terminal that is connected to another input terminal of the operation amplifier included in the fixed input inversion amplification circuit. One input terminal of the second operation amplifier is applied with the same input value as the fixed input value applied to the one input terminal of the first operation amplifier. Another input terminal of the second operation amplifier is applied with a variable input corresponding to an output of the first operation amplifier.

Abstract: A method for controlling a power factor correction circuit includes: sensing, by a control unit, an input signal; deriving, by the control unit, a delay correction input signal using the input signal and a previous input signal that is sensed before the input signal; and controlling, by the control unit, the power factor correction circuit using the derived delay correction input signal.