Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for monitoring the quality of red pepper powder, comprising the steps of: estimating at least one of a first particle size and a first moisture content of a first red pepper powder, based on the spectroscopic image data of the first red pepper powder obtained in or before and after at least one of the grinding process, filtration process and sterilization process of red pepper powder; calculating a second spicy level, based on at least one of the first particle size and the first moisture content, and the spectroscopic image data; and estimating a third spicy level of a first mixed red pepper powder in the mixing process, based on at least one of the first particle size and the first moisture content, the second spicy level, and an input amount of the first red pepper powder.

Abstract: An image sensor comprising a circuit chip and an image sensor chip on the circuit chip. The image sensor chip includes a first substrate extending in a first direction and a second direction, a first interlayer dielectric layer between the first substrate and the circuit chip, and a first bonding pad in the first interlayer dielectric layer and having a first width in a first direction. The circuit chip includes a second substrate, a second interlayer dielectric layer and a third interlayer dielectric layer that are sequentially stacked on the second substrate, and a second bonding pad in the second and third interlayer dielectric layers and having a second width in the first direction. The first and second bonding pads are in contact with each other. A change in the second width along a third direction is greater than a change in the first width along the third direction, the third direction intersects the first and second directions.

Abstract: A system and method provide a group purchase service in which a discount rate is applied differentially depending on the group purchase volume on first-come-first-served basis. In the group purchase service, a central server determines a discount policy such that each local server applies differential discount rates in group purchase rounds depending on group purchase volumes of an item in a purchase process performed by buyer devices. When each of the buyer devices accesses the local server in each service area and performs the purchase process for the item through the local server, the local server applies the differential discount rates to the rounds depending on the group purchase volumes of the item.