Abstract: The present disclosure provides for a membrane comprising a substrate, an interlayer, and a polymer layer, wherein the interlayer is disposed on a surface of the substrate and the polymer layer is disposed on a surface of the interlayer opposite the substrate, further wherein the substrate comprises a thermoplastic, the interlayer comprises a two-dimensional nanomaterial and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and the layer comprises a polymer. Further provided herein is a method of water filtration comprising filtering a water mixture through the membrane as disclosed herein. Additionally, a method of separating a first solute and a second solute is provided. Further provided herein is a method of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) removal comprising filtering a substance comprising PFAS through the membrane as disclosed herein, resulting in a retentate and a permeate.