Abstract: A gas ionization chamber, includes a first electrode, a fence electrode disposed below the first electrode, a second electrode disposed below the fence electrode, a first dielectric layer disposed between the first electrode and the fence electrode, and a second dielectric layer disposed between the fence electrode and the second electrode. The first and second electrodes, and the first and second dielectric layers include a plurality of aligned holes forming channels configured to permit gas flow between the first electrode to the second electrode through an opening in the fence electrode, the plurality of aligned holes being arranged in a pattern having a central region with a first set of aligned holes and a peripheral region having a second set of aligned holes, and wherein a diameter of at least one hole of the first set of aligned holes is less than or equal to about 0.5 millimeters.

Abstract: A thermal desorption unit includes a tube, an adsorbent material including one material or a combination of several materials disposed inside the tube, holding members disposed inside the tube and configured to hold the adsorbent material in the tube, and a heating wire coiled around the tube and configured to generate heat along the tube. A column module includes a capillary column, a heating wire coiled around the capillary column, a temperature sensor configured to monitor the temperature of the capillary column, and an electrical insulating layer disposed around the capillary column and the heating wire.

Abstract: A microfluidic photoionization detector (PID) may include a substrate and an electrically conductive layer formed on the substrate. The electrically conductive layer may include a microchannel, and a first electrode region and a second electrode region separated from each other by the microchannel, an ohmic contact layer formed on top of the first electrode region and the second electrode region, and a light source formed on the ohmic contact layer for emitting light toward the microchannel.