Abstract: A ram air canopy includes a top skin, a bottom skin, a plurality of ribs between the top skin and the bottom skin forming a plurality of cells. A leading edge of a cell includes an opening to allow air to enter the cell. A glide vent is disposed in the top skin to allow air the exit the cell.

Abstract: Two techniques for detecting vortices and their associated circulation are disclosed. The first is termed a closed path configuration, and the second is termed the dual path configuration. These techniques are useable for the detection of wake turbulence especially in the vicinity of airport runways, which results from wing tip vortices generated by aircraft during take-off and landing. The systems are similar in that they use ultrasonic measurement techniques to determine the circulation about defined areas. The circulation is reflective of the vorticity associated with trailing vortices, which are manifest within the area.

Abstract: A method of mixing two fluids together includes introducing a stream of first fluid through a nozzle into a volume of second fluid at an accelerating rate over a time period of at least 0.1 seconds. The acceleration of the first fluid forms a vortex of first fluid having a tail of first fluid within the volume of second fluid. The stream of first fluid is then decelerated over a time period of at least 0.1 seconds which produces rapid mixing of the second fluid in the tail of first fluid.