Abstract: A homomorphic encryption operator includes: a level configuration unit configured to set an encryption level by selecting a plurality of prime numbers of different values according to a scale factor condition used for multiplication of a homomorphic encryption operation and an increase/decrease condition for increasing or decreasing consecutively selected prime numbers, and a modular multiplication operator configured to perform lightweight modular multiplication using the selected plurality of prime numbers, wherein the level configuration unit includes: a level constructor configured to select prime number sets whose number have selected Hamming weights, respectively, based on the scale factor condition and the increase/decrease condition, and wherein the level configuration unit is further configured to configure the selected prime number sets with the encryption level using a prime number table.

Abstract: A storage controller includes parallel input channels configured for simultaneously receiving data from substantially redundant memories, an error estimation unit, a decision unit, an error correction unit and a selection unit. The error estimation unit generates error information by estimating an error level of the plurality of data. The decision unit performs a logical operation on the plurality of data to generate operation data. The error correction unit generates error correction data by correcting an error of the operation data. The selection unit selects one of the operation data or the error correction data based on the error information.

Abstract: A method of operating a homomorphic encryption operation accelerator includes performing a number theoretic transform (NTT) operation on each of first homomorphic ciphertext and second homomorphic ciphertext, and performing a base conversion operation by adding a partial sum using a first value of the NTT operation.

Abstract: A method of operating a storage controller includes receiving raw data indicating a series of bits each corresponding to one of threshold voltage states, performing a first state shaping for reducing a number of first target bits of the series of bits, logical values of the first target bits being equal to a logical value of a target threshold voltage state of the threshold voltage states in a first page of plural pages, generating first indicator data that indicates the first target bits based on the first state shaping, compressing the first indicator data, and storing the compressed first indicator data.

Abstract: A device for supporting a homomorphic encryption operation includes a ciphertext conversion circuit configured to convert first ciphertexts corresponding to a first operation size to second ciphertexts corresponding to a second operation size, different from the first operation size, to convert the operated ciphertext having the second operation size to a third ciphertexts corresponding to the first operation size, and to perform a homomorphic encryption operation on the second ciphertexts.

Abstract: A homomorphic encryption system includes a homomorphic encryption device encrypting original data into a first ciphertext using a homomorphic encryption algorithm, and a homomorphic encryption operation device receiving the first ciphertext from the homomorphic encryption device and performing an approximate arithmetic operation of a transcendental function with respect to the first ciphertext and a second ciphertext by performing a homomorphic multiplication operation in a binary tree structure.

Abstract: A homomorphic operation accelerator includes a plurality of circuits and a homomorphic operation managing circuit. The plurality of circuits may perform homomorphic operations. The homomorphic operation managing circuit may receive cipher text data, homomorphic encryption information and homomorphic operation information from an external device. The homomorphic operation managing circuit may activate or deactivate each of a plurality of enable signals applied to the plurality of circuits based on the homomorphic encryption information and the homomorphic operation information. The homomorphic operation managing circuit may activate or deactivate each of the plurality of circuits based on the plurality of enable signals. The homomorphic encryption information may be associated with a homomorphic encryption algorithm used to generate the cipher text data. The homomorphic operation information may be associated with the homomorphic operations to be performed on the cipher text data.

Abstract: A storage controller includes parallel input channels configured for simultaneously receiving data from substantially redundant memories, an error estimation unit, a decision unit, an error correction unit and a selection unit. The error estimation unit generates error information by estimating an error level of the plurality of data. The decision unit performs a logical operation on the plurality of data to generate operation data. The error correction unit generates error correction data by correcting an error of the operation data. The selection unit selects one of the operation data or the error correction data based on the error information.

Abstract: A storage controller includes parallel input channels configured for simultaneously receiving data from substantially redundant memories, an error estimation unit, a decision unit, an error correction unit and a selection unit. The error estimation unit generates error information by estimating an error level of the plurality of data. The decision unit performs a logical operation on the plurality of data to generate operation data. The error correction unit generates error correction data by correcting an error of the operation data. The selection unit selects one of the operation data or the error correction data based on the error information.

Abstract: A homomorphic operation accelerator includes a plurality of circuits and a homomorphic operation managing circuit. The plurality of circuits may perform homomorphic operations. The homomorphic operation managing circuit may receive ciphertext data, homomorphic encryption information and homomorphic operation information from an external device. The homomorphic operation managing circuit may activate or deactivate each of a plurality of enable signals applied to the plurality of circuits based on the homomorphic encryption information and the homomorphic operation information. The homomorphic operation managing circuit may activate or deactivate each of the plurality of circuits based on the plurality of enable signals. The homomorphic encryption information may be associated with a homomorphic encryption algorithm used to generate the ciphertext data. The homomorphic operation information may be associated with the homomorphic operations to be performed on the ciphertext data.

Abstract: A storage controller includes parallel input channels configured for simultaneously receiving data from substantially redundant memories, an error estimation unit, a decision unit, an error correction unit and a selection unit. The error estimation unit generates error information by estimating an error level of the plurality of data. The decision unit performs a logical operation on the plurality of data to generate operation data. The error correction unit generates error correction data by correcting an error of the operation data. The selection unit selects one of the operation data or the error correction data based on the error information.