Abstract: A computer-implemented method can include receiving, at a computing device including one or more processors, an input from a user. The input can include one or more characters in a first writing system. The method can further include segmenting the input to obtain one or more segmentations, where each segmentation can include at least one segment including at least one character in the first writing system. A fuzzy model can be applied to the segmentations to obtain potential formal representations for the segmentations. Each of the potential formal representations can be in the first writing system and represent text in a second writing system. A plurality of character candidates can be determined based on the potential formal representations. Each of the plurality of character candidates can be a possible appropriate representation of the user input in the second writing system.