Abstract: A long-term integrator, e.g. for integrating the voltage signal from a coil measuring magnetic induction, can include a push-pull modulator followed by an analog-digital converter, a digital signal processor and a digital analog converter in cascade. Offset voltage in the analog-digital converter or an amplifier upstream thereof is nullified in the digital signal processor by modulating it as the measured signal is demodulated, thereby balancing out alternate polarity portions of the offset voltage.

Abstract: A Hall effect magnetic field sensing circuit provides an operation amplif which is connected to a signal voltage terminal of the Hall effect sensor with a negative temperature coefficient (TK) of the resistance of the drive current path whose drive current path is provided with an input resistor such that a portion of the Hall effect sensor responds to the change in temperature thereof to vary the drive current and provide temperature compensation of the Hall voltage. A differential amplifier can be provided to eliminate the zero residual voltage effect and a summing circuit connected to the operational amplifier rectifies nonlinearity.

Abstract: A temperature compensating circuit for a Hall generator with a positive temperature coefficient of the resistance of the drive circuit path utilizes summation of a voltage representing the drive current as detected across a substantially temperature-independent compensating resistance in the drive current path, with a constant voltage component to provide one output to an operational amplifier whose other output is connected to this operational amplifier which produces the output signal of the circuit.