Abstract: A membrane having a refined surface as well as to a process and an apparatus for producing such a membrane, and which is useful, in particular, for rapid diagnostic tests for identifying specific analytes in liquid media.

Abstract: A dishwasher and a method for operating a dishwasher reduce the length of a washing cycle in a dishwasher as well as the noise which is generated by the impact of the water therein, without altering the performance of the dishwasher. The washing method for a dishwasher having at least two spray devices includes dividing a significant period of time of a washing program duration into a plurality of different lengths of sub-units of time. Substantially every sub-unit of time is made up of at least two time sections. During a first time section, the washing liquid passes through all of the spray devices and during a second time section, the liquid only passes through the lowermost or the uppermost spray device. A dishwasher having at least two spray devices carries out the washing method.

Abstract: A method is provided enabling a dishwasher to be operated with variable wash programs, wherein the filter systems of the dishwasher do not become overloaded with protruding wash residues in the rinsing fluid. The method makes it possible to vary the pressure used to convey the rinsing fluid from the circulating pump to the at least one spray device. The advantage thereof is that protruding wash residues in the rinsing liquid can be reduced or flattened in order to prevent the filter systems in the dishwasher from becoming overloaded so that the cleaning effects of the filter system can remain functional.

Abstract: A method for operating a dishwasher is provided, in which the dishwasher includes at least one washing container, a re-circulation pump for conveying washing fluid to at least one spray device for acting upon items to be cleaned, which are located in the washing container, a lye pump for pumping away washing liquid from the dishwasher. The method includes executing a wash program at least including partial program steps pre-wash (V1, V2), clean (R1, R2), intermediate rinse, clear rinse (K1, K2) and dry, and operating the re-circulation pump and the lye pump at least temporarily in an alternating manner during at least one of the partial program steps (V1, V2, R1, R2, K1, K2).

Abstract: A membrane having a refined surface as well as to a process and an apparatus for producing such a membrane, and which is useful, in particular, for rapid diagnostic tests for identifying specific analytes in liquid media.

Abstract: A membrane having a refined surface as well as to a process and an apparatus for producing such a membrane, and which is useful, in particular, for rapid diagnostic tests for identifying specific analytes in liquid media.

Abstract: A method is provided that allows a dishwasher to be run economically such that the washing residues that accumulate during the washing phases are removed from the washing liquid early on while the dishwasher filter systems are automatically cleaned. The re-circulation pump and the lye pump are at least temporarily operated in an alternating manner during a partial step of a program such that the dishwasher filter systems are automatically cleaned and the accumulated washing residues are conveyed away from the dishwasher at an early stage. The method makes it possible to improve the washing performance of the dishwasher and decrease the total operating time of the washing program, resulting in a reduction of the energy required for operating the dishwasher.

Abstract: There is disclosed a cellulosic microporous filtration membrane with upper and lower porous protective layers with a porous sponge-type intermediate layer between the two protective layers, wherein the sponge-type structure consists of two isotropic regions having different pore sizes.

Abstract: A method is provided enabling a dishwasher to be operated with variable wash programs, wherein the filter systems of the dishwasher do not become overloaded with protruding wash residues in the rinsing fluid. The method makes it possible to vary the pressure used to convey the rinsing fluid from the circulating pump to the at least one spray device. The advantage thereof is that protruding wash residues in the rinsing liquid can be reduced or flattened in order to prevent the filter systems in the dishwasher from becoming overloaded so that the cleaning effects of the filter system can remain functional.

Abstract: There is disclosed a cellulosic microporous filtration membrane with upper and lower porous protective layers with a porous sponge-type intermediate layer between the two protective layers, wherein the sponge-type structure consists of two isotropic regions having different pore sizes.

Abstract: A dishwasher and a method for operating a dishwasher reduce the length of a washing cycle in a dishwasher as well as the noise which is generated by the impact of the water therein, without altering the performance of the dishwasher. The washing method for a dishwasher having at least two spray devices includes dividing a significant period of time of a washing program duration into a plurality of different lengths of sub-units of time. Substantially every sub-unit of time is made up of at least two time sections. During a first time section, the washing liquid passes through all of the spray devices and during a second time section, the liquid only passes through the lowermost or the uppermost spray device. A dishwasher having at least two spray devices carries out the washing method.

Abstract: Cellulose nitrate membranes useful in immuno-assay diagnostic tests are rendered hydrophilic by exposure to a low energy plasma.

Abstract: A membrane having a refined surface as well as to a process and an apparatus for producing such a membrane, and which is useful, in particular, for rapid diagnostic tests for identifying specific analytes in liquid media.

Abstract: Supported separation membranes are disclosed wherein the permselective membrane is integral with a polymeric support of non-woven fibers having a particular air permeability, the integral membranes exhibiting far superior lifetimes and retention capability, especially for microorganisms.

Abstract: A process for cross-linking a cellulose hydrate membrane by use of a water-soluble diepoxide in an alkaline solution. The membrane so produced is highly resistant to attack by alkalis, acids and cellulases, and is readily regenerable by alkaline cleaning.

Abstract: There is disclosed a composite isotropic cellulose nitrate membrane on a polyester support and a method of making the same, the membrane having particular utility as various types of reagent-containing test strips for use in analytical chemistry and medicinal diagnostics.

Abstract: Incompletely condensed aldehyde resin having a large surface area and formed in the presence of large quantities of water under mild conditions is used for removing waste products, such as urea, from the blood in hemodialysis or for removing such impurities from swimming pools or aquariums.

Abstract: Preparation of 1,2,4-triazole by reacting formamide and hydrazine in a molar ratio of 2:1 to 2.2:1, hydrazine or its hydrate being metered into excess formamide, preheated to 160.degree.-200.degree., while maintaining the temperature, and then completing the reaction at 160.degree.-240.degree. C.