Abstract: Webs coated with several layers, of which the lowermost or uppermost layer contains an instant hardener, may be produced in a single operation by curtain coating using a V-coater when the hardening layer is guided at the negatively inclined sliding surface of the V-coater while the other layers are guided at the opposite sliding surface of the V-coater and the hardening layer is combined with the remaining layers at coating edge to form a layer packet which is applied as a free-falling curtain to the web to be coated.

Abstract: A process and an apparatus for melting solidified gel masses, in particular of photographic emulsions, which are introduced as solid pieces of any size or shape into a melting container having a perforated bottom and equipped with a tempering device, the gel mass when melted flowing through the openings in the bottom into a receiver underneath it, and being arranged and designed to prevent excessive exposure of the gel mass to heat. This is achieved by melting the layer of gel mass immediately above the bottom of the melting container with microwaves while the layers of gel mass situated above the aforesaid layer remain substantially uninfluenced by the radiation of microwaves.

Abstract: A process for the multiple coating of webs which are continuously moving past a coating point, using coating apparatus according to the bead coating process is carried out such that any number of comparatively high viscosity layers is arranged above an accelerating layer which lies below the layers and has a viscosity range of from 1 to 20 mPas and a layer thickness of from 2 to 30 .mu.m. A very small gap width of from 100 to 400 .mu.m is selected between the sliding surface coating head and the web to be coated and only a low reduced pressure is applied under the coating head. By this process, coating rates of 400 m/min and more may be achieved with a good coating quality.

Abstract: A process for the multiple coating of objects or webs which are continuously moving past a coating point, using coating apparatus according to the curtain coating process. This process is carried out such that any number of comparatively high viscosity layers is embedded between an accelerating layer which is positioned below the layers and has a viscosity range of from 1 to 20 mPas and a layer thickness of from 2 to 30 .mu.m, and a spreading layer which is positioned above the comparatively high viscosity layers and has a viscosity range of from 1 to 10 mPas and a layer thickness of from 5 to 20 .mu.m. By the curtain coating process, coating rates of 400 m/min and more may be achieved with a good coating quality.

Abstract: The stabilization of free-falling liquid curtains (4) in the coating of objects or webs (5) using curtain coaters is considerably improved by the use of curtain holders (9) from which an additional auxiliary liquid (11) issues towards and combines with the curtain (4), for laterally guiding the free-falling curtain (4) formed at the coating edge (3) of the coater. Triangular liquid bridges (14) are thus formed between the curtain (4) and the curtain holders (9) from the coating edge (3) to the point where the curtain (4) impinges on the layer support (5). The curtain holders (9) consist of tubular hollow bodies with a delivery spout (10) and a distributing passage (12) for the liquid (11) and an exit slot (13) or of a porous tubular material without any exit slot (FIG. 3).

Abstract: The invention relates to a web guide roller for a web which is required to be moved at a high speed, having cavities arranged on its surface for receiving the air carried with the moving web, whereby a finely branched network of compression chambers is arranged on the surface between plateau-like smoothly ground and polished areas on which the web lies in contact. Further the invention relates to a process for the production of this web guide rollers for use at high speed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the automatic preparation of solutions from environmentally noxious substances in solvents whereby the noxious substance is brought on a receiver and by means of an airtight adapter and a feed connection into a hermetical sealed, storage bin, an exact quantity of the substance is dosed into a measuring and mixing vessel by means of a dosing screw after the solvent is dosed into this vessel, the substance is mixed and dissolved maintained at a certain temperature filtered and delivered to a storage vessel in an automatic sequence.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus and process for simultaneously coating several layers to moving objects, particularly webs, whereby at least two liquid coating materials issue over the width of V-shaped sliding surfaces or above following sliding surfaces are delivered to the two sliding surfaces which are arranged in the form of a V and which form a discharge edge above the objects or web to be coated, flow down the underside of the V-shaped sliding surfaces, combine at the end of the sliding surfaces to form a multiple layer film of liquid which is deposited in the form of a free falling curtain onto the objects or the web of layer support material.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and an apparatus for continuously filtering liquids whereby two candle filters are arranged closely adjacent to one another and are connected by a first three-way cock at the liquid inlet ends, a second three-way cock at the liquid outlet ends of the candle filters and a bypass cock for a partial stream and enabling the candle filters to be emptied in such a manner that the candle filters are filled and vented before they are put into operation and one of the two candle filters always is ready for operation with degassed and filtered liquid if one of the candle filters is to be cleaned.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the continuous preparation of photographic emulsions by a continuous flow process, in which a volume stream entering a pipe system flows successively through the various sections of this system corresponding to the individual stages of the process, such as the inlet points for introduction of the volume streams, mixing paths and ripening paths.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for the continuous preparation of photographic emulsions by a continuous flow process, in which a volume stream entering a pipe system flows successively through the various sections of this system corresponding to the individual stages of the process, such as the inlet points for introduction of the volume streams, mixing paths and ripening paths.

Abstract: The tension level of moving webs of material is adjusted or measured and regulated by means of a guide roller mounted on parallel swing arms which include an angle 0 <.alpha. <90.degree. with the horizontal, .alpha. lying in an angular range of .+-. 15.degree. around the value .alpha..sub.M at which the traction applied to the web by the guide roller is at a minimum.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for coating web-form substrates, the apparatus consisting of a coating roller and of a coating block part of which is pivotal. The thickness of the layer coated on the substrate is determined by the interval between the coating block and the coating roller. In order to adjust this interval, to the precise value needed replaceable precision-gauge blocks corresponding in length to the required production conditions are arranged between the fixed part and the pivotal part of the coating block.

Abstract: An arrangement for the production of webs coated with several emulsions, comprising coating and drying means arranged in succession, in the latter being connected to air supply and discharge shafts. A plurality of coating means are arranged at a selectable spacing from one another along the web which is guided in loop formation, the physical parameters for coating and drying are adjustable for each layer.

Abstract: A constant stream of liquid per unit of time is dispensed under normal pressure from a storage vessel by means of a metering element which is rigidly connected to a float and whose diameter is smaller than the internal diameter of the outflow pipe or tube, the vertical position of the metering element changing with the liquid level in the storage vessel.

Abstract: For filling and adjusting double-membrane cassettes acting as link members in piston metering pumps, the sealing surfaces of the membranes are first coated with a resilient pressure-deformable cement. The membrane cassette is introduced still unclosed into a thermostat where an adjustable, uniform pressure is applied to the upper membrane. The membrane cassette is then filled under an excess pressure of from 0.2 to 1 atm. and closed. After closing, the membranes of the cassette are brought into plane-parallel alignment in an evacuation unit.