Abstract: An exhaust flap housing in which an exhaust flap can be disposed comprises at least one stop element for defining end positions of the pivotable exhaust flap. To simplify the production, the stop element is preferably produced by remodeling and thus forms part of the exhaust flap housing.

Abstract: A measurement system is provided for measuring a complex transfer function of a system under test. The measurement system comprises a signal source for generating an input signal to be applied to the system under test, a signal detection device for detecting a response signal of the system under test in response to the input signal; and a signal analyzing system for determining the gain and phase shift of the system under test by comparing the response signal to the input signal. The signal analyzing system includes phase adjustment means to adjust a relative phase difference of the detected response signal and input signal; and curve fitting means to identify a phase difference adjustment of the phase adjustment means which gives the best fit of the response signal to the input signal. The phase measurement of the response signal is determined from the best fit phase difference adjustment.

Abstract: A measurement cell provides electrochemical characterization of a sample. The cell includes a container in which a sample is located, the container having walls and a base defining an interior region for containing a conductive media. A base electrode is located adjacent a base of the container, a counter electrode is spaced from the base electrode and a reference electrode is located between the base and counter electrodes. Samples that may be characterized include the conductive media, an element forming the base electrode or a surface of the base electrode, an element in contact with the conductive media, or any two or more of these. The reference electrode contacts the conductive media between the base electrode and the counter electrode such that electrical paths are is established through the sample between the base electrode and the counter electrode and between the base electrode and the reference electrode.

Abstract: Described herein is a method for altering the characteristics of a membrane comprising a dielectric material. The method comprises heating the membrane and applying an electric field in a direction out of the plane of the membrane to at least a portion of the dielectric material. At least a portion of the dielectric material becomes aligned with the applied electric field. In some embodiments, the membrane is piezoelectric and application of an electric signal to the membrane causes out of plane movement of the membrane. Also disclosed are membranes and systems and apparatuses comprising such membranes.

Abstract: A measurement cell provides electrochemical characterisation of a sample. The cell includes a container in which a sample is located, the container having walls and a base defining an interior region for containing a conductive media. A base electrode is located adjacent a base of the container, a counter electrode is spaced from the base electrode and a reference electrode is located between the base and counter electrodes. Samples that may be characterised include the conductive media, an element forming the base electrode or a surface of the base electrode, an element in contact with the conductive media, or any two or more of these. The reference electrode contacts the conductive media between the base electrode and the counter electrode such that electrical paths are is established through the sample between the base electrode and the counter electrode and between the base electrode and the reference electrode.

Abstract: An exhaust gas throttle means for motor vehicles comprises a housing in which an exhaust gas throttle is arranged. The exhaust gas throttle is connected with a throttle shaft which is supported in bearing elements. Inside the housing two stopper elements are provided which are arranged in recesses of the housing to be received in correct positional arrangement.

Abstract: A method for in situ monitoring of a membrane of a membrane separation system comprises measuring a complex impedance of the membrane at a plurality of frequencies to provide an indication of the electrical conduction and electrical polarization properties of the membrane. The membrane based separation system for removing or reducing the concentration of materials carried in a fluid including a separation membrane has a first pair of electrodes separated by the membrane and arranged for measurement of the complex impedance of the membrane at a plurality of frequencies to provide the indication of the membrane properties. There may also be a second pair of electrodes separated by the membrane for injecting the stimulus current such that the injecting and monitoring functions are separated.

Abstract: A measurement system is provided for measuring a complex transfer function of a system under test. The measurement system comprises a signal source for generating an input signal to be applied to the system under test, a signal detection device for detecting a response signal of the system under test in response to the input signal; and a signal analysing system for determining the gain and phase shift of the system under test by comparing the response signal to the input signal. The signal analysing system includes phase adjustment means to adjust a relative phase difference of the detected response signal and input signal; and curve fitting means to identify a phase difference adjustment of the phase adjustment means which gives the best fit of the response signal to the input signal. The phase measurement of the response signal is determined from the best fit phase difference adjustment.

Abstract: The invention relates to a measuring device and a measuring method for investigating particles which are suspended in a carrier liquid, including several measuring electrodes for carrying out electrical measuring of the particles. It is proposed that during electrical measuring, the particles be fixed in a field cage (4).

Abstract: In a method for magnetic resonance imaging of at least a portion of a body placed in a stationary and substantially homogeneous main magnetic field, the body is subjected to a sequence of RF and magnetic field gradient pulses during an interval TSE, thereby generating a plurality of spin echo signals, which are measured and processed for reconstruction of an image. Thereafter, during an interval TDRV, an additional spin echo is generated by subjecting the body to at least one further refocusing RF pulse and/or magnetic field gradient pulse, and a RF drive pulse (?X) is irradiated at the time of this additional spin echo. In order to provide a fast and reliable method for T1-weighted imaging, which gives a high T1 contrast and also a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio, the phase of the RF drive pulse (?X) is selected such that nuclear magnetization at the time of the additional spin echo is transformed into negative longitudinal magnetization.

Abstract: An exhaust gas throttle means for motor vehicles comprises a housing in which an exhaust gas throttle is arranged. The exhaust gas throttle is connected with a throttle shaft which is supported in bearing elements. Inside the housing two stopper elements are provided which are arranged in recesses of the housing to be received in correct positional arrangement.

Abstract: An exhaust flap means for motor vehicles comprises a housing (10) in which an exhaust flap (12) is arranged. The exhaust flap (12) is connected with a flap shaft (14) for pivoting the exhaust flap (12). The housing (10) comprises two passage openings (22) opposite each other for guiding through the flap shaft (14). Further, two bearing means (18,40) for supporting the flap shaft (14) are provided. To permit an evening out of an offset between the two passage openings (22), one bearing means (18) comprises a bearing body (24) of ceramics, which has a spherical configuration. The opposite bearing means (40) comprises a bearing sleeve of graphite.

Abstract: An exhaust flap means for motor vehicles comprises an exhaust flap (10) connected with a flap shaft (12). In order to pivot the exhaust flap (10), the flap shaft (12) is connected with a pivot mechanism. The flap shaft (12) is supported via at least one bearing means (20) which comprises a plain bearing sleeve (22). The flap shaft (12) is radially supported by the plain bearing sleeve (22). According to the invention, a contact element (28) is connected with the flap shaft (12) to form an axial bearing. The contact element (28) bears on a face (26) of the plain bearing sleeve (22) and thus forms an axial bearing.

Abstract: An exhaust flap housing in which an exhaust flap can be disposed comprises at least one stop element for defining end positions of the pivotable exhaust flap. To simplify the production, the stop element is preferably produced by remodeling and thus forms part of the exhaust flap housing.

Abstract: A magnetic resonance imaging method which involves a pulse sequence for generating magnetic resonance signals and in which diffusion weighting is applied, for example, by way of a pair of gradient pulses which are separated by a 180° refocusing RF pulse. The magnetic resonance signals are generated as spin echo signals due to refocusing pulses. The refocusing pulses are flanked by compensation gradient pulses and the gradient strengths of the compensation gradient pulses are alternated according to a periodic pattern.

Abstract: The invention relates to a simple and economic optical system for mutually positioning SMD components having connecting leads and the corresponding pads on pad carrying members with the object of bringing the connecting leads and pads together in one plane through translation or rotation, of positioning them and fixing them. The optical system utilizes a beam splitter, so that it is possible to observe simultaneously with the human eye the spaces in front of and behind the beam splitter. For considerations of robustness the semi-transparent mirror used to this end is evaporated on a transparent substrate which has a finite thickness. A substrate having finite thickness leads to an apparent displacement of the space behind the substrate relative to the space in front of the substrate. The invention relates to the compensation of this displacement by the installation of a compensation plate having identical optical properties in the space over the semi-transparent mirror on the substrate.