Abstract: An encoder which includes circuitry and memory. Using the memory, the circuitry generates a list which includes candidates for a first motion vector for a first partition. The list has a maximum list size and an order of the candidates, and at least one of the maximum list size or the order of the candidates is dependent on at least one of a partition size or a partition shape of the first partition. The circuitry selects the first motion vector from the candidates included in the list; encodes an index indicating the first motion vector among the candidates in the list into the bitstream based on the maximum list size; and generates the predicted image for the first partition using the first motion vector.

Abstract: A ferroelectric memory device and a semiconductor die are provided. The ferroelectric memory device includes a gate electrode; a channel layer, overlapped with the gate electrode; source/drain contacts, in contact with separate ends of the channel layer; a ferroelectric layer, lying between the gate electrode and the channel layer; and a first insertion layer, extending in between the ferroelectric layer and the channel layer, and comprising a metal carbonitride or a metal nitride.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and a memory coupled to the circuitry, wherein the circuitry, in operation, performs a partition process. The partition process includes calculating first values of a set of pixels between a first partition and a second partition in a current block, using a first motion vector for the first partition; calculating second values of the set of pixels, using a second motion vector for the second partition; and calculating third values of the set of pixels by weighting the first values and the second values. When a ratio of a width to a height of the current block is larger than 4 or a ratio of the height to the width of the current block is larger than 4, the circuitry disables the partition process.

Abstract: Provided is an encoder which includes circuitry and memory. Using the memory, the circuitry splits an image block into a plurality of partitions, obtains a prediction image for a partition, and encodes the image block using the prediction image. When the partition is not a non-rectangular partition, the circuitry obtains (i) a first prediction image for the partition, (ii) a gradient image for the first prediction image, and (iii) a second prediction image as the prediction image using the first prediction image and the gradient image. When the partition is a non-rectangular partition, the circuitry obtains the first prediction image as the prediction image without using the gradient image.

Abstract: Provided is an encoder which includes circuitry and memory. Using the memory, the circuitry splits an image block into a plurality of partitions, obtains a prediction image for a partition, and encodes the image block using the prediction image. When the partition is not a non-rectangular partition, the circuitry obtains (i) a first prediction image for the partition, (ii) a gradient image for the first prediction image, and (iii) a second prediction image as the prediction image using the first prediction image and the gradient image. When the partition is a non-rectangular partition, the circuitry obtains the first prediction image as the prediction image without using the gradient image.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose using whole cell cultures. The cellulase-producing microbes (e.g. fungus) may be cultivated at a lower temperature (e.g. about 30° C.) to produce extracellular cellulase enzymes followed by raising the temperature to a higher level (e.g. about 50° C.) to deactivate the cells and to promote the cellulose hydrolysis by extracellular cellulases resulting in continuous hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose without the risk of glucose being consumed by the deactivated cells.

Abstract: A measuring device including a layer of a magnetoelastic alloy formed on a load-carrying member. The layer is intended for measuring stresses induced by a force applied to the load-carrying member. An average grain size of the layer is in the range of 100 nm to 10000 nm. A method for production of the layer.

Abstract: A sensor for measuring stresses induced by a force applied to a load-carrying member, including a layer of a magnetoelastic material formed on the load-carrying member is provided. The layer comprises a first phase with an average grain size below 100 nm and a first chemical composition, and a second phase of a distinctly different chemical composition, the first phase being divided by the second phase into regions having an average size in the range of 100-10,000 nm. A method for producing such a layer, including accelerating particles of a soft magnetic and magnetoelastic material having an average size in the range of 10-50 ?m towards the surface of the load-carrying member at a velocity of at least 300 m/s such that the average temperature of the accelerated particles is not higher than 500° C. above the melting temperature of the magnetoelastic material, but not lower than 500° C. below the melting temperature.

Abstract: A sensor for measuring stresses induced by a force applied to a load-carrying member, including a layer of a magnetoelastic material formed on the load-carrying member is provided. The layer comprises a first phase with an average grain size below 100 nm and a first chemical composition, and a second phase of a distinctly different chemical composition, the first phase being divided by the second phase into regions having an average size in the range of 100-10,000 nm. A method for producing such a layer, including accelerating particles of a soft magnetic and magnetoelastic material having an average size in the range of 10-50 ?m towards the surface of the load-carrying member at a velocity of at least 300 m/s such that the average temperature of the accelerated particles is not higher than 500° C. above the melting temperature of the magnetoelastic material, but not lower than 500° C. below the melting temperature.

Abstract: A measuring device including a layer of a magnetoelastic alloy formed on a load-carrying member. The layer is intended for measuring stresses induced by a force applied to the load-carrying member. An average grain size of the layer is in the range of 100 nm to 10 000 nm. A method for production of the layer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a magnetostrictive sensor for measuring a torque in a shaft. The sensor comprises at least one active magnetostrictive region on the shaft, a surface pattern in the magnetostrictive region such that it obtains anisotropic properties, a first means arranged to generate a magnetic field varying in time in the magnetostrictive region and a second means arranged to sense variation in the permeability in the magnetostrictive region. Said magnetostrictive region comprises a first layer of a magnetostrictive material which is provided on the surface of the shaft and that said surface pattern is formed by a second layer of a non-magnetostrictive material comprising a low resistivity.

Abstract: A torque transducer for measuring torque transmitted in a rotating as well as a stationary shaft. The torque transducer comprises a transducer shaft 1 arranged with a cylinder-shaped magnetoelastic region 2 fixed to the cylindrical periphery of the transducer shaft, which cylinder-shaped magnetoelastic region is permanently magnetized in the azimuthal direction. The transducer shaft with the cylinder-shaped magnetoelastic region is surrounded by a winding 4 which is supplied by an alternating current. Further, the winding is connected to a phase-sensitive detector 5. According to the present invention, a magnetic and non-linear ferromagnetic material 3′ is arranged in physical contact with the cylinder-shaped magnetoelastic region 2. The advantages are that the transducer shaft is manufactured independently of the magnetic properties of the shaft material and may substantially consist of a ferromagnetic material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a magnetostrictive sensor for measuring a torque in a shaft (1). The sensor comprises at least one active magnetostrictive region (2) on the shaft (1), a surface pattern in the magnetostrictive region such that it obtains anisotropic properties, a first means (5) arranged to generate a magnetic field varying in time in the magnetostrictive region (2) and a second means (9) arranged to sense variation in the permeability in the magnetostrictive region (2). Said magnetostrictive region (2) comprises a first layer (3) of a magnetostrictive material which is provided on the surface of the shaft (1) and that said surface pattern is formed by a second layer (4) of a non-magnetostrictive material comprising a low resistivity.

Abstract: A torque transducer for measuring torque transmitted in a rotating as well as a stationary shaft. The torque transducer comprises a transducer shaft 1 arranged with a cylinder-shaped magnetoelastic region 2 fixed to the cylindrical periphery of the transducer shaft, which cylinder-shaped magnetoelastic region is permanently magnetized in the azimuthal direction. The transducer shaft with the cylinder-shaped magnetoelastic region is surrounded by a winding 4 which is supplied by an alternating current. Further, the winding is connected to a phase-sensitive detector 5. According to the present invention, a magnetic and non-linear ferromagnetic material 3′ is arranged in physical contact with the cylinder-shaped magnetoelastic region 2. The advantages are that the transducer shaft is manufactured independently of the magnetic properties of the shaft material and may substantially consist of a ferromagnetic material.

Abstract: A magnetoelastic torque transducer for measuring, in a non-contacting manner, the torque in a stationary or a rotating shaft. The transducer comprises a shaft (1) with surrounding excitation windings (2, 3) and measuring windings (10, 11). Concentrically with the windings, anisotropic measuring zones are created by applying layers (8, 9), for example in the form of copper strips, on the surface of the shaft. The angle between the strips and a generatrix to the cylinder surface of the transducer shaft is in a preferred embodiment chosen to be .+-.45.degree. (FIG. 5).

Abstract: A mechanical coupling between a drive source and a load object. The coupling includes a tube which at one end is covered with a plate and at its other end is provided with a weak flange with holes for securing the coupling to the drive source by screws. Concentrically in the coupling and to the plate, one end of the transducer shaft is attached. The other end of the transducer shaft is connected to the load object with the aid of a joint.