Abstract: A silicon pressure sensor chip has a shear element on a sculptured diaphragm. The shear element is a piezo-resistive four-terminal resistor which is oriented so as to respond to the in-plane shear stress component in the diaphragm. The shear element is located on a thick shelf which is a portion of the sculptured diaphragm, which also has a thinner portion. This diaphragm configuration increases the bending moment at the location of the sensing element through the load of the thin portion of the diaphragm, which is suspended along the periphery of the thick shelf.

Abstract: A silicon pressure chip operates in a two-wire resistive mode. A thin-film resistor located on a long silicon beam which is the thicker portion of a thin diaphragm is partially shorted out by a metallized deflection stop. The pressure response of the resistor is determined by the resistor layout.

Abstract: A silicon accelerometer chip has a seismic mass (which is a gold sphere) fixed in a cavity formed in a boss supported by beams. Pizeo-resistors forming a Wheatstone bridge are formed in the beams. The cavity is formed by anisotroptically etching the boss, so that the cavity is self-aligned to the sphere.

Abstract: In a process for the biological sewage purification of sewage containing organic as well as nitrogen-containing pollutants, carbon decomposition and nitrogen removal are performed. The sewage is gassed with air and/or pure oxygen in a reactor in the presence of a biomass fixed on a support material and then, in a secondary sedimentation step, is separated into purified water and sludge. The sludge is at least partially recycled into the reactor. Particles of support material in lumpy and/or granulated form and in free-flowing quantities are employed in the reactor as support material for the microorganisms. To attain both a high carbon and a high nitrogen decomposition at the same time, the reaction is provided with BOD.sub.5 volume load of 0.4 to 2.5 kg/m.sup.3 d and a TKN volume load of 0.1 to 0.8 kg/m.sup.3. d, BOD.sub.5 decomposition, nitrification and denitrification are all performed within an undivided reactor, in which the O.sub.2 concentration within the liquid is 0.

Abstract: In a process for the biological purification of wastewater, the wastewater is mixed with activated sludge in an aeration basin in the presence of carrier particles for microorganisms and is aerated with an oxygen-containing gas. Treated wastewater and free activated sludge are discharged from a discharge zone of the aeration basin downstream of an initial zone at least 20% up to 70% of the length of the aeration basin.

Abstract: In the anaerobic biological treatment of wastewater, the anaerobic microorganisms are incorporated on carrier material having a density of 10-200 kg/m.sup.3 and open macropores of a diameter of 0.1 mm to 5 mm, e.g., polyurethane foam or foam rubber. The treatment can be conducted as a pretreatment or a final stage in either a stationary bed or when the carrier is in particulate form, in an agitated tank or fluidized bed.

Abstract: In the biological purification of wastewater containing organic impurites, wherein the wastewater is passed through a reaction (1), e.g., continuous flow-stirred tank having circulating means (12) to achieve thorough mixing therein, or a fluidized bed or suspended bed type reactor, the wastewater is aerated in the presence of activated sludge with an oxygen containing gas fed through a gas feed conduit (9), and in a post clarification stage (5), the wastewater-activated sludge mixture from the reactor (1) is separated into purified water and sludge, the improvement comprises conducting the biological purification in the reactor (1) in the presence of a carrier material for microorganisms. The carrier material comprises particles of macroporous material having a low specific gravity, and in piece and/or granulated form in an amount such that the suspended individual particles are freely movable in the wastewater. Soft polyurethane foam particles are especially preferred as the carrier materail.

Abstract: A process and apparatus are provided for the biological purification of phosphate-containing wastewater, wherein the wastewater is treated, in the presence of activated sludge at least a portion of which is fixed on a carrier material. The process is conducted in at least one aerobic, an anaerobic, and optionally an anoxic zone, to thereby discharge a substantially phosphate-free wastewater stream. In order to attain a high purifying effect with low cost expenditure, the activated sludge is carried on a movable carrier. The carrier material is conveyed from the anaerobic zone, optionally through the anoxic zone, to the aerobic zone, and simultaneously a like amount of carrier material is returned from the aerobic zone, optionally through the anoxic zone, to the anaerobic zone. In this process, the activated sludge is enriched with phosphates, and a portion of the phosphate-enriched activated sludge is separated from the discharged effluent.

Abstract: For the biological purification of wastewater in a reactor in the presence of open-pore and compressible carrier material for biomass, the carrier material, prior to its use in the reactor, is loaded with bacteria, finely divided, inorganic and/or organic compounds, selected for wastewater purification, and is then either stored or used in the process, the loaded carrier being especially useful for decreasing the start-up time of a wastewater treatment plant.

Abstract: For the biological purification of wastewater in a reactor in the presence of open-pore and compressible carrier material for biomass, the carrier material, prior to its use in the reactor, is loaded with bacteria, finely divided, inorganic and/or organic compounds, selected for wastewater purification, and is then either stored or used in the process, the loaded carrier being especially useful for decreasing the start-up time of a wastewater treatment plant.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the biological purification of phosphate-containing wastewater wherein the wastewater is gas-treated, i.e. aerated, in an oxygenation tank in the presence of activated sludge for degrading organic hydrocarbon compounds and absorption of phosphate by microorganisms present in the activated sludge. The wastewater-activated sludge mixture is then withdrawn from the oxygenated tank and divided, in a post clarification stage, into purified, essentially phosphate-free water and phosphate-containing sludge. The phosphate-containing sludge is recycled, at least in part, into the oxygenation tank. A partial stream of wastewater-activated sludge mixture is branched off from the oxygenation tank, and/or recycle sludge is branched off as a partial stream from the post clarification stage, and the mixture is subjected to flotation treatment for thickening. A thus-obtained, low-phosphate flotage, i.e. subnatant liquor, is discharged from the flotation unit.

Abstract: In an activated sludge process for the biological purification of wastewater wherein undesirable bulking sludge is formed in addition to normal activated sludge, the improvement which comprises mechanically destroying the microorganisms causing the bulking sludge without substantially destroying the microorganisms required for the normal activated sludge.

Abstract: In a process for the biological purification of wastewater wherein the wastewater is treated in a purification plant comprising at least one storage tank and at least one biological treatment stage, the improvement wherein the entering wastewater, in case of normal load, is introduced directly into the biological treatment stage and, during the time period of peak loads, is introduced at least partially into the storage tank; and that, after the subsiding of the peak loads, the wastewater is transferred from the storage tank into the biological treatment stage. A process variable associated with the biological treatment stage, such as oxygen, or one associated with incoming wastewater such as BOD, is used to automatically regulate the timing of the flows.

Abstract: For the treatment of wastewaters containing substantial BOD and substantial calcium ion concentrations, e.g., effluents from the washing and flushing cycles of sugar manufacturing plants, by an activated sludge process, under aeration with an O.sub.2 -containing gas, the improvement which comprises introducing a CO.sub.2 -containing gas having a concentration of CO.sub.2 higher than that of air into liquid present in the activated sludge system to precipitate calcium ion as calcium carbonate thereby lowering the pH of the liquid and facilitating the separation of the activated sludge solids and the bacterial action of the activated sludge process.

Abstract: Everninomicin B, C or D may be converted to amino derivatives by reductive means. The amino derivatives may, subsequently, be converted to novel N-acyl, N-alkyl or N,N-dialkyl derivatives. Alternatively, everninomicins B, C or D may be converted to N-acyl-N-hydroxylamino derivatives also by reductive means. The derivatives so-produced and the non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable cationic salts thereof are novel and are antibacterial agents.

Abstract: Described herein are novel monoesters of rosamicin, also known as Antibiotic 67-694. Also described is a process for the preparation of such esters by the selective solvolysis of diester precursors. The monoesters are broad spectrum antibacterial agents but are generally more effective against gram-positive bacteria.

Abstract: Rosamicin is an antibiotic elaborated by Micromonospora rosaria. The compounds described herein are antibacterial derivatives of rosamicin. Also described are processes for the preparation of these antibacterial derivatives from rosamicin.

Abstract: An activated sludge process for the purification of sewage by aerating a sewage-activated sludge mixture with oxygen or oxygen-enriched air is described wherein at least a portion of the gaseous mixture exiting from the aeration tank is collected, at least a portion of gaseous metabolic product separated therefrom, and the purified gas recycled to the aeration tank. Concentration gradients of O.sub.2 and gaseous metabolic products are thereby reduced, improving the efficiency of the sewage treatment processing, and pure CO.sub.2 can be recovered as an end product.

Abstract: Described herein are novel monoesters of rosamicin, also known as Antibiotic 67-694. Also described is a process for the preparation of such esters by the selective solvolysis of diester precursors. The monoesters are broad spectrum antibacterial agents but are generally more effective against gram-positive bacteria.

Abstract: A mutant strain of Micromonospora purpurea herein designated M. purpurea JI-20 elaborates an antibiotic complex comprising gentamicin and at least two novel antibiotic substances namely Antibiotic JI-20A and Antibiotic JI-20B. The so-produced antibiotics have an adverse effect upon the growth of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.