Abstract: Provided is a composite particulate for use in a lithium battery cathode, the composite particulate comprising one or a plurality of particles of a cathode active material encapsulated by or embedded in an electrically and/or ionically conducting polymer gel network, wherein the cathode active material is selected from the group of lithium nickel cobalt metal oxides having a general formula LixNiyCozMwO2, where M is selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), magnesium (Mg), beryllium (Be), calcium (Ca), tantalum (Ta), silicon (Si), and combinations thereof and x ranges from 0 to 1.2, the sum of y+z+w ranges from 0.8 to 1.2, w ranges from 0 to 0.5, y and z are both greater than zero, and the ratio z/y ranges from 0 to 0.5.

Abstract: Provided is a composite particulate for use in a lithium battery cathode, the composite particulate comprising one or a plurality of particles of a cathode active material encapsulated by or embedded in an electrically and/or ionically conducting polymer gel network, wherein the cathode active material is selected from the group of lithium nickel cobalt metal oxides having a general formula LixNiyCozMwO2, where M is selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), magnesium (Mg), beryllium (Be), calcium (Ca), tantalum (Ta), silicon (Si), and combinations thereof and x ranges from 0 to 1.2, the sum of y+z+w ranges from 0.8 to 1.2, w ranges from 0 to 0.5, y and z are both greater than zero, and the ratio z/y ranges from 0 to 0.5.

Abstract: Provided is a rechargeable battery system comprising at least a battery cell and an external cooling means, wherein the battery cell comprises an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte disposed between the anode and the cathode, a protective housing that at least partially encloses the anode, the cathode and the electrolyte, and at least one heat-spreader element disposed partially or entirely inside the protective housing and wherein the external cooling means is in thermal contact with the heat spreader element configured to enable transporting internal heat of the battery through the heat spreader element to the external cooling means. Also provided is a method of operating a rechargeable battery system, the method comprising implementing a heat spreader element in one or each of a plurality of battery cells and bringing the heat spreader element in thermal contact with one or a plurality of external cooling means.

Abstract: Provided is a rechargeable battery system comprising at least a battery cell and an external cooling means, wherein the battery cell comprises an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte disposed between the anode and the cathode, a protective housing that at least partially encloses the anode, the cathode and the electrolyte, and at least one heat-spreader element disposed partially or entirely inside the protective housing and wherein the external cooling means is in thermal contact with the heat spreader element configured to enable transporting internal heat of the battery through the heat spreader element to the external cooling means. Also provided is a method of operating a rechargeable battery system, the method comprising implementing a heat spreader element in one or each of a plurality of battery cells and bringing the heat spreader element in thermal contact with one or a plurality of external cooling means.

Abstract: A method of producing a graphene suspension, comprising: (a) mixing multiple particles of a graphitic material and multiple particles of a solid carrier material to form a mixture in an impacting chamber of an energy impacting apparatus; (b) operating the energy impacting apparatus with a frequency and an intensity for a length of time sufficient for peeling off graphene sheets from the graphitic material and transferring the graphene sheets to surfaces of the carrier material particles to produce graphene-coated carrier particles inside the impacting chamber; and (c) dispersing the graphene-coated carrier particles in a liquid medium and separating the graphene sheets from the carrier material particles using ultrasonication or mechanical shearing means and removing the carrier material from the liquid medium to produce the graphene suspension. The process is fast (1-4 hours as opposed to 5-120 hours of conventional processes), environmentally benign, cost effective, and highly scalable.

Abstract: Provided is a battery charging system comprising (a) at least one charging circuit to charge at least one rechargeable battery cell; (b) a heat source to provide heat that is transported through a heat spreader element, implemented fully or partially inside said at least one battery cell, to heat up the battery cell to a desired temperature Tc before or during battery charging; and (c) cooling means in thermal contact with the heat spreader element configured to enable transporting internal heat of the battery cell through the heat spreader element to the cooling means when the battery cell is discharged. Charging the battery at Tc enables completion of the battery in less than 15 minutes, typically less than 10 minutes, and more typically less than 5 minutes without adversely impacting the battery structure and performance.

Abstract: Provided is a rechargeable battery comprising an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte disposed between the anode and the cathode, a protective housing that at least partially encloses the anode, the cathode and the electrolyte, a heat-spreader element disposed at least partially inside the protective housing and configured to receive heat from an external heat source at a desired heating temperature Th to heat up the battery to a desired temperature Tc for battery charging. Preferably, the heat-spreader element does not receive an electrical current from an external circuit (e.g. battery charger) to generate heat for resistance heating of the battery. Charging the battery at Tc enables completion of the battery in less than 15 minutes, typically less than 10 minutes, and more typically less than 5 minutes without adversely impacting the battery structure and performance.

Abstract: Provided is an anode for a lithium battery or sodium battery, the anode comprising multiple porous graphene balls and multiple particles or coating of a lithium-attracting metal or sodium-attracting metal at a graphene ball-to-metal volume ratio from 5/95 to 95/5, wherein the porous graphene ball comprises a plurality of graphene sheets forming into the ball having a diameter from 100 nm to 20 ?m and a pore or multiple pores having a pore volume fraction from 10% to 99.9% based on the total graphene ball volume, and wherein the particles or coating of lithium-attracting metal or sodium-attracting metal, having a diameter or thickness from 1 nm to 20 ?m, are selected from Au, Ag, Mg, Zn, Ti, K, Al, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Sn, V, Cr, an alloy thereof, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Provided is an anode electrode (e.g. a layer or roll of a laminated structure) for a lithium battery or sodium battery, the anode electrode comprising: (a) an anode current collector having two primary surfaces; (b) multiple particles or coating of a lithium-attracting metal or sodium-attracting metal deposited on at least one of the two primary surfaces, wherein the lithium-attracting metal or sodium-attracting metal, having a diameter or thickness from 1 nm to 10 ?m, is selected from Au, Ag, Mg, Zn, Ti, K, Al, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Sn, V, Cr, an alloy thereof, or a combination thereof; and (c) a layer of graphene that covers and protects the multiple particles or coating of the metal. Also provided is a process for producing such an anode electrode and a battery cell.

Abstract: A high temperature reaction system includes a reaction tube including a heating space, a discharge unit, a cooling unit, a feeding unit and an observation and analysis unit. The discharge unit is disposed opposite to an inlet of the heating space and has a discharge space communicating the heating space, and an observation window and a discharge opening which communicate the discharge space. The cooling unit has a cooling space communicating the discharge opening. The feeding unit includes a carrier holding a sample, and a moving module for moving the carrier and the sample. The observation and analysis unit includes an image capture module and an analysis module for analyzing gas released by the sample.

Abstract: Provided is a composite particulate for use in a lithium battery cathode, the composite particulate comprising one or a plurality of particles of a cathode active material encapsulated by or embedded in an electrically and/or ionically conducting polymer gel network, wherein the cathode active material is selected from the group of lithium nickel cobalt metal oxides having a general formula LixNiyCozMwO2, where M is selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), magnesium (Mg), beryllium (Be), calcium (Ca), tantalum (Ta), silicon (Si), and combinations thereof and x ranges from 0 to 1.2, the sum of y+z+w ranges from 0.8 to 1.2, w ranges from 0 to 0.5, y and z are both greater than zero, and the ratio z/y ranges from 0 to 0.5.

Abstract: Provided is a graphene-embraced particulate (a secondary particle) for use as a lithium-ion battery cathode active material. The particulate comprises a core of one or a plurality of particles of a cathode active material embraced or encapsulated by a shell comprising multiple graphene sheets, wherein the cathode active material is selected from the group of lithium cobalt metal oxides having a general formula of LixNiyCozMwO2, M is selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), magnesium (Mg), beryllium (Be), calcium (Ca), tantalum (Ta), silicon (Si), and combinations thereof, and x ranges from 0 to 1.2, the sum of y+z+w ranges from 0.8 to 1.2, w range from 0 to 0.5, y and z are both greater than zero, and the ratio z/y ranges from 0 to 0.5.

Abstract: Provided is a cathode active material for a lithium-ion battery, wherein the cathode active material is selected from the group of lithium nickel cobalt metal oxides having a general formula LixNiyCozMwO2, where M is selected from the group consisting of beryllium (Be), calcium (Ca), and combinations thereof with aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), magnesium (Mg), tantalum (Ta), and silicon (Si), and x ranges from 0 to 1.2, the sum of y+z+w ranges from 0.8 to 1.2, w range from 0 to 0.5, y and z are both greater than zero, and the ratio z/y ranges from 0 to 0.5. Preferably, M is selected from metal elements comprising combined Be and Mg, combined Ca and Mg, combined Ca and Be, or combined Be, Mg, and Ca.

Abstract: Provided is an anode for a lithium battery or sodium battery, the anode comprising multiple porous graphene composite balls, wherein the porous graphene composite ball comprises a plurality of graphene sheets and an ion-conducting material, at a graphene-to-ion-conducting material weight ratio from 2/98 to 98/2, forming into the ball having a diameter from 100 nm to 20 ?m and a pore or multiple pores having a pore volume fraction from 10% to 99.9% based on the total porous graphene composite ball volume.

Abstract: A high temperature reaction system includes a reaction tube including a heating space, a discharge unit, a cooling unit, a feeding unit and an observation and analysis unit. The discharge unit is disposed opposite to an inlet of the heating space and has a discharge space communicating the heating space, and an observation window and a discharge opening which communicate the discharge space. The cooling unit has a cooling space communicating the discharge opening. The feeding unit includes a carrier holding a sample, and a moving module for moving the carrier and the sample. The observation and analysis unit includes an image capture module and an analysis module for analyzing gas released by the sample.

Abstract: Provided is an anode for a lithium battery or sodium battery, the anode comprising multiple porous graphene balls and multiple particles or coating of a lithium-attracting metal or sodium-attracting metal at a graphene ball-to-metal volume ratio from 5/95 to 95/5, wherein the porous graphene ball comprises a plurality of graphene sheets forming into the ball having a diameter from 100 nm to 20 ?m and a pore or multiple pores having a pore volume fraction from 10% to 99.9% based on the total graphene ball volume, and wherein the particles or coating of lithium-attracting metal or sodium-attracting metal, having a diameter or thickness from 1 nm to 20 ?m, are selected from Au, Ag, Mg, Zn, Ti, K, Al, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Sn, V, Cr, an alloy thereof, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Provided is a powder mass comprising multiple metal-containing graphene balls or particulates as an anode active material for a lithium battery or sodium battery, the graphene ball or particulate comprising (a) a plurality of graphene sheets, each having a length or width from 5 nm to 100 ?m and forming into the ball or particulate having a diameter from 100 nm to 20 ?m and (b) a lithium-attracting metal or sodium-attracting metal in a form of particles or coating having a diameter or thickness from 0.5 nm to 10 ?m and in physical contact with the graphene sheets, wherein the metal is selected from Au, Ag, Mg, Zn, Ti, Na, K, Al, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Sn, V, Cr, an alloy thereof, or a combination thereof and is in an amount of 0.1% to 95% of the total particulate weight.

Abstract: Provided is a battery charging system comprising (a) at least one charging circuit to charge at least one rechargeable battery cell; (b) a heat source to provide heat that is transported through a heat spreader element, implemented fully or partially inside said at least one battery cell, to heat up the battery cell to a desired temperature Tc before or during battery charging; and (c) cooling means in thermal contact with the heat spreader element configured to enable transporting internal heat of the battery cell through the heat spreader element to the cooling means when the battery cell is discharged. Charging the battery at Tc enables completion of the battery in less than 15 minutes, typically less than 10 minutes, and more typically less than 5 minutes without adversely impacting the battery structure and performance.

Abstract: Provided is a rechargeable battery comprising an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte disposed between the anode and the cathode, a protective housing that at least partially encloses the anode, the cathode and the electrolyte, a heat-spreader element disposed at least partially inside the protective housing and configured to receive heat from an external heat source at a desired heating temperature Th to heat up the battery to a desired temperature Tc for battery charging. Preferably, the heat-spreader element does not receive an electrical current from an external circuit (e.g. battery charger) to generate heat for resistance heating of the battery. Charging the battery at Tc enables completion of the battery in less than 15 minutes, typically less than 10 minutes, and more typically less than 5 minutes without adversely impacting the battery structure and performance.

Abstract: Provided is a rechargeable battery system comprising at least a battery cell and an external cooling means, wherein the battery cell comprises an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte disposed between the anode and the cathode, a protective housing that at least partially encloses the anode, the cathode and the electrolyte, and at least one heat-spreader element disposed partially or entirely inside the protective housing and wherein the external cooling means is in thermal contact with the heat spreader element configured to enable transporting internal heat of the battery through the heat spreader element to the external cooling means. Also provided is a method of operating a rechargeable battery system, the method comprising implementing a heat spreader element in one or each of a plurality of battery cells and bringing the heat spreader element in thermal contact with one or a plurality of external cooling means.