Abstract: Disclosed is a modified carbonaceous material, which includes hexagonal carbon networks in a layered stacking structure and acidic functional groups bonded to the hexagonal carbon networks and mainly existing at edges of the layered carbonaceous structure. Accordingly, the close proximity of acid moiety at the edges can resemble the center of hydrolysis enzymes, resulting in enhancement of hydrolytic efficiency. Additionally, the acid-functionalized carbonaceous material can also be applied in the capture and storage of carbon dioxide due to its unexpectedly higher capacity for CO2 molecular.

Abstract: A battery module for use in a battery system is operable in a bottom mode, a top mode or a middle mode during an enabled state. The battery module includes a battery unit and a battery control circuit. The battery unit which includes at least one battery generates a battery unit voltage between a positive terminal and a negative terminal of the battery unit. The battery control circuit is powered by the battery unit voltage and is configured to control the battery unit. The battery control circuit includes an enable terminal, an upstream input terminal, an upstream output terminal, a downstream input terminal, and a downstream output terminal. When the enable terminal is at an operation enabling level, or when the upstream input terminal is at an upstream enabling level, the battery module enters the enabled state.

Abstract: A flyback power converter includes a primary side controller circuit for controlling a primary side switch; and a secondary side controller circuit for generating an SR (Synchronous Rectification) signal to control an SR switch. The SR signal includes an SR pulse and a ZVS (Zero Voltage Switching) pulse. The SR pulse controls the SR switch for synchronous rectification at the secondary side. The secondary side controller circuit samples and holds a voltage at a first end of the SR switch as a first voltage at a timing between the end of the ZVS pulse and the beginning of the SR pulse, and determines a length of the ZVS pulse so as to control the SR switch to be conductive for a ZVS time period, whereby the primary side switch achieves ZVS. The first voltage is proportional to an input voltage.

Abstract: A switching controller circuit for controlling a flyback power converter includes: a power transformer, a primary side controller circuit and a secondary side controller circuit. The power transformer is coupled between the input voltage and the output voltage in an isolated manner. The primary side controller circuit controls a primary side switch of the flyback power converter. The secondary side controller circuit generates a synchronous rectification (SR) signal, to control an SR switch of the flyback power converter. The SR signal includes an SR pulse and a soft switching (SS) pulse. The SR pulse controls the SR switch to be ON for an SR period, to achieve synchronous rectification at the secondary side. The SS pulse controls the SR switch to be ON for an SS period, to achieve soft switching of the primary side switch.

Abstract: A switching controller circuit for controlling a flyback power converter includes: a power transformer, a primary side controller circuit and a secondary side controller circuit. The power transformer is coupled between the input voltage and the output voltage in an isolated manner. The primary side controller circuit controls a primary side switch of the flyback power converter. The secondary side controller circuit generates a synchronous rectification (SR) signal, to control an SR switch of the flyback power converter. The SR signal includes an SR pulse and a soft switching (SS) pulse. The SR pulse controls the SR switch to be ON for an SR period, to achieve synchronous rectification at the secondary side. The SS pulse controls the SR switch to be ON for an SS period, to achieve soft switching of the primary side switch.

Abstract: A flyback power converter includes a primary side controller circuit for controlling a primary side switch; and a secondary side controller circuit for generating an SR (Synchronous Rectification) signal to control an SR switch. The SR signal includes an SR pulse and a ZVS (Zero Voltage Switching) pulse. The SR pulse controls the SR switch for synchronous rectification at the secondary side. The secondary side controller circuit samples and holds a voltage at a first end of the SR switch as a first voltage at a timing between the end of the ZVS pulse and the beginning of the SR pulse, and determines a length of the ZVS pulse so as to control the SR switch to be conductive for a ZVS time period, whereby the primary side switch achieves ZVS. The first voltage is proportional to an input voltage.

Abstract: A battery module for use in a battery system is operable in a bottom mode, a top mode or a middle mode during an enabled state. The battery module includes a battery unit and a battery control circuit. The battery unit which includes at least one battery generates a battery unit voltage between a positive terminal and a negative terminal of the battery unit. The battery control circuit is powered by the battery unit voltage and is configured to control the battery unit. The battery control circuit includes an enable terminal, an upstream input terminal, an upstream output terminal, a downstream input terminal, and a downstream output terminal. When the enable terminal is at an operation enabling level, or when the upstream input terminal is at an upstream enabling level, the battery module enters the enabled state.

Abstract: A network detection method links multiple nodes residing in a network topology to form multiple edges and creates snake paths through the edges using a snake algorithm. The routing frequencies of each of the snake paths is calculated, and software-defined network (SDN) policy flows to each of the nodes are produced and applied. The health and performance status, and available bandwidths, of the snake paths are dynamically detected via packet flows using a pathChirp bandwidth detection method.

Abstract: A network detection method links multiple nodes residing in a network topology to form multiple edges and creates snake paths through the edges using a snake algorithm. The routing frequencies of each of the snake paths is calculated, and software-defined network (SDN) policy flows to each of the nodes are produced and applied. The health and performance status, and available bandwidths, of the snake paths are dynamically detected via packet flows using a pathChirp bandwidth detection method.