Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a data mining system, a data mining method, and a storage medium. The data mining system includes a transfer device, a first trusted execution space and a second trusted execution space. The transfer device is configured to receive a data calling request of the second trusted execution space, obtain data to be called from the first trusted execution space according to the data calling request, and provide the data to be called to the second trusted execution space, so as to perform data mining based on the data to be called and the mining-related data to obtain a data mining result and to provide the data mining result to a device of the data user.

Abstract: A method for training a machine learning model is described, comprising receiving, for each perturbation of a plurality of perturbations of model parameters of a starting version of the machine learning model, a change of loss of the machine learning model caused by the perturbation for a set of training data determined by feeding the set of training data to one or more perturbed versions of the machine learning model, estimating a gradient of the loss of the machine learning model with respect to the model parameters from the determined changes of loss and updating the starting version of the machine learning model to an updated version of the machine learning model by changing the model parameters in a direction for which the estimated gradient indicates a reduction of loss.