Abstract: In one embodiment the semiconductor laser comprises a carrier and an edge-emitting laser diode which is mounted on the carrier and which comprises an active zone for generating a laser radiation and a facet with a radiation exit region. The semiconductor laser further comprises a protective cover, preferably a lens for collimation of the laser radiation. The protective cover is fastened to the facet and to a side surface of the carrier by means of an adhesive. A mean distance between a light entrance side of the protective cover and the facet is at most 60 ?m. The semiconductor laser is configured to be operated in a normal atmosphere without additional gas-tight encapsulation.

Abstract: The rotational speed of at least one drive motor of a motor vehicle is controlled by an electronic control system, wherein the differential rotational speed between a specified target rotational speed and an actual rotational speed of the drive motor is considered as a system value for determining the control parameters that influence the rotational speed control process. As an additional system value, the magnitude and direction of the differential rotational speed gradient are considered when determining the control parameters.

Abstract: The rotational speed of at least one drive motor of a motor vehicle is controlled by an electronic control system, wherein the differential rotational speed between a specified target rotational speed and an actual rotational speed of the drive motor is considered as a system value for determining the control parameters that influence the rotational speed control process. As an additional system value, the magnitude and direction of the differential rotational speed gradient are considered when determining the control parameters.

Abstract: A method operates a hybrid drive of a motor vehicle, which hybrid drive has an internal combustion engine and a first electric machine. The method generates, in response to a predefined setpoint torque value, a composite torque which drives the motor vehicle. In a transient operating mode which occurs during a change of the predefined setpoint torque value by a value, the composite torque is generated by summing a drive torque which is generated by the internal combustion engine and a drive torque which is generated by the first electric machine. At least one second electric machine is provided which is switched on during the transient operating mode in order to generate the composite torque of the internal combustion engine and of the first electric machine.

Abstract: The invention relates to a propulsion device for an all-wheel-drive vehicle with a front-axle drive (5, 7) and a rear-axle drive (19; 33, 34), which propulsion device has an electronic control device which defines a drive torque (MSumme) for driving the vehicle based on a driver request. The electronic control device is associated with a torque distribution unit (25), by way of which the drive torque (MSumme) can be variably distributed to the front-axle drive (5, 7) and the rear-axle drive (19; 33, 34) as a function of input parameters generated by a driver-assistance controller (31).

Abstract: A method operates a hybrid drive of a motor vehicle, which hybrid drive has an internal combustion engine and a first electric machine. The method generates, in response to a predefined setpoint torque value, a composite torque which drives the motor vehicle. In a transient operating mode which occurs during a change of the predefined setpoint torque value by a value, the composite torque is generated by summing a drive torque which is generated by the internal combustion engine and a drive torque which is generated by the first electric machine. At least one second electric machine is provided which is switched on during the transient operating mode in order to generate the composite torque of the internal combustion engine and of the first electric machine.

Abstract: An optochemical fluorescence sensor with a biorecognitive layer for measuring the concentration of one or more analytes in a sample is provided with at least one island layer which is applied on a sensor substrate. The islands of the island layer are in the form of electrically-conductive material and have a diameter of less than 300 nm, the biorecognitive layer being directly applied on the island layer or bound via a spacer film. In addition, an analyte-specific fluorescent compound is provided which may be added to the sample or is provided in the sensor itself. The biorecognitive layer can bind the analyte to be measured directly or by means of analyte-binding molecules, the originally low quantum yield of the fluorescent compound increasing strongly in the vicinity of the island layer.

Abstract: An optochemical sensor for measuring concentrations of analytes is provided with a reactive matrix preferably made of polymeric material capable of swelling. Further provided are a mirror layer and a layer of a plurality of discrete islands that are electrically conductive, between which layers the reactive matrix is positioned, the diameter of the islands being smaller than the wavelength of the light employed for monitoring and evaluation.

Abstract: A fastening device with a rapid clamping mechanism for the fastening of transverse supports to railing bars of a vehicle roof rack. On the transverse support a housing of the fastening device can be fixed. The housing has a fixed clamping jaw which can rest from above on the railing bar. The housing also includes two housing walls which are directed vertically and are spaced from each other, between which a lever mechanism is arranged on pivot pins and on mounting pins which are fixed to the housing. By pivotal motion of a clamping lever of the lever mechanism, a lower clamping jaw of the lever mechanism is moved to enclose the railing bar relative to the fixed clamping jaw. Thus, the railing bar is clamped between the lower clamping jaw and the fixed clamping jaw.

Abstract: A cross support for extending between the roof rails on a motor vehicle roof, and having a detachable clamping device for clamping to the railing tube. The clamping device includes a stationary resting jaw and a clamping jaw movable toward the resting jaw. The clamping jaw has a yoke for engaging the railing tube and has an attack surface on the opposite side of the pivot from the yoke. A swing lever is pivotably supported on the cross support and is swingable between positions where it locks the clamping jaw in the clamping position and where it releases the clamping jaw. The clamping jaw and the swing lever are on respective spaced apart pivots.

Abstract: A roof luggage carrier for an automotive vehicle includes a pair of rails running the length of the vehicle and at least one transverse carrier extending between the rails. A clamping device at each end of the carrier clamps the respective rail. The carrier is a hollow section with an open channel on its bottom. The clamping device includes a support jaw held stationary on the carrier and positioned on the side of the rack pipe toward the outer side of the vehicle. A swingable clamping jaw cooperates with the support jaw to clamp the pipe between them. The clamping jaw is positioned on the side of the pipe toward the middle of the vehicle. The clamping jaw is a double arm lever swingable around a pivot pin that is supported on the support jaw. The upper parts of both the support jaw and the clamping jaw extend through the longitudinal opening in the carrier and into the interior of the carrier.

Abstract: A roof rack for vehicles having two rails and support feet bearing the rails. Each rail is developed as a hollow profile with a longitudinal channel which is open on the top and has undercuts. On each rail there is optionally arranged a profiled cover strip which can be detachably anchored in the longitudinal channel and extends over the length of the rail, or a profiled cover strip which extends over a first part of the length of the rail and a profiled support strip which extends over the second part of the length. The profiled support strips are anchored such that they can be swung into a position of use which connects the rails transversely to each other.

Abstract: An optochemical sensor for measuring concentrations of analytes is provided with a reactive matrix preferably made of polymeric material capable of swelling. Further provided are a mirror layer and a layer of a plurality of discrete islands that are electrically conductive, between which layers the reactive matrix is positioned, the diameter of the islands being smaller than the wavelength of the light employed for monitoring and evaluation.