Abstract: Systems and methods of detecting ground faults in energy storage and/or generation systems that can detect ground faults on the DC and/or AC side of an energy storage/generation system, and generate warning signals and/or shutdown at least part of the system upon detection of such ground faults. The systems and methods can monitor levels of DC voltages and amplitudes of AC voltages occurring on the positive and negative side of a DC bus with respect to ground on the DC side of the energy storage and/or generation system, and process the monitored DC voltage levels and AC voltage amplitudes to detect a ground fault. Having detected such a ground fault, the systems and methods can generate a warning signal and/or shutdown at least part of the system, for example, by disconnecting a DC energy system from the DC bus, and/or by disabling a DC-to-AC bidirectional inverter included in the system.

Abstract: Systems and methods of detecting ground faults in energy storage and/or generation systems that can detect ground faults on the DC and/or AC side of an energy storage/generation system, and generate warning signals and/or shutdown at least part of the system upon detection of such ground faults. The systems and methods can monitor levels of DC voltages and amplitudes of AC voltages occurring on the positive and negative side of a DC bus with respect to ground on the DC side of the energy storage and/or generation system, and process the monitored DC voltage levels and AC voltage amplitudes to detect a ground fault. Having detected such a ground fault, the systems and methods can generate a warning signal and/or shutdown at least part of the system, for example, by disconnecting a DC energy system from the DC bus, and/or by disabling a DC-to-AC bidirectional inverter included in the system.

Abstract: A method of regulating electronic communications at least includes, via a sender, purchasing a satisfaction bond to be coupled with a communication, the bond being adapted to be forfeited if a recipient of the communication to which the bond is coupled rejects the communication, and sending a message intended for a recipient accompanied by the bond. The bond is established by at least, via the sender, pledging or transferring a res in exchange for the bond, and generating a block of secure data, the secure data comprising a secure certificate containing at least sender identity indicia, a digital signature, a hashing code, and a hash of the message for which the bond is to accompany.

Abstract: A driver circuit that is responsive to an input AC voltage provides a variable drive signal to a load circuit, such as, a solenoid coil, for each actuation of a switch where the variable drive signal duration is determined by the setting of a variable resistor. In one embodiment, a sine wave shaper produces a positive edge variably delayed square wave timing signal for a continuously clocked flip-flop. In response to the switch actuation, the clocked flip-flop generates a control signal for a selected period of time that is related to one cycle of the AC input voltage. In another embodiment, a one shot produces a positive edge variable delayed square wave timing signal in response to the switch, the signal then being received by another one shot which creates a control signal for a selected period of time that is related to one cycle of the AC input voltage. The selected period of time occurs only during the positive portion of the input AC voltage cycle.

Abstract: A driver circuit that is responsive to an input AC voltage provides a variable drive signal to a load circuit, such as, a solenoid coil, for each actuation of a switch. A sine wave shaper produces a positive edge variably delayed square wave timing signal for a continuously clocked flip-flop. In response to the switch actuation, the clocked flip-flop generates a control signal for a selected period of time that is related to one cycle of the AC input voltage. The selected period of time occurs only during the positive portion of the input AC voltage cycle. The control signal is employed to generate the drive signal for the load circuit. The driver circuit provides switch bounce rejection equal to one cycle of the AC input voltage.

Abstract: A driver circuit which is responsive to an input AC voltage for providing a drive signal to a load circuit for each activation of a switch. A triggering signal generated by a trigger circuit in response to the activation of the switch energizes a timing circuit during a negative cycle of the input voltage. A control signal from the timing circuit energizes a firing circuit for a selected time period. The drive signal is applied to the load circuit during the time interval in which the firing circuit is energized by the timing circuit.