Abstract: The invention relates to a plant-based sewage treatment system for purifying waste water including at least one planter, a supply unit which supplies waste water to be purified to the plant-based sewage treatment system, a discharge unit for discharging purified water from the plant-based sewage treatment system, and plants placed inside the planter. The plants are arranged, without a substrate, inside the planter. At least a portion of the planter is situated on a building roof. A space is provided between the planter and the building roof and an exchange medium from the building can be flowed through the space.

Abstract: A waste water purification plant purifies water by means of plants and a waste water purification process. The waste water purification plant has at least one plant container, a feed unit, an evacuation unit and plants. Waste water to be purified can be supplied to the purification plant by the feed unit. Purified waste water can be discharged from the purification plant by the evacuation unit. The plants are arranged in the plant container without a substrate. A plant container preferably has at least two plant basins. At least one other container can be provided. At least part of the plant container is arranged on the roof of a building. Plants of at least two different plant species are provided in the plant container. Depending on the type of waste water for example industrial and/or sanitary waste water the waste water to be purified may be purified in a predeterminable sequence by the plants of the different plant species.

Abstract: Waste water purification plant by means of plants and waste water purification process. The waste water purification plant (10) has at least one plant container (32), a feed unit (16), an evacuation unit (36) and plants. Waste water to be purified can be supplied to the purification plant (10) by the feed unit (16). Purified waste water can be discharged from the purification plant (10) by the evacuation unit (36). The plants are arranged in the plant container (32) without a substrate. A plant container (32) preferably has at least two plant basins (82-98). At least one other container (20, 24, 26, 146, 162, 172, 186, 188, 197) can be provided. At least part of the plant container (32) is arranged on the roof (147) of a building. Plants of at least two different plant species are provided in the plant container (32).

Abstract: The invention relates to a plant-based sewage treatment system for purifying waste water comprising: at least one planter (50, 54); a supply unit (46) with which the waste water to be purified can be supplied to the plant-based sewage treatment system (10); a discharge unit (38) with which the purified water can be discharged from the plant-based sewage treatment system (10), and; plants (58) that are placed inside the planter (50, 54). These plants (58) are arranged, without a substrate, inside the planter (50, 54). At least a portion of the planter (50, 54) is situated on a building roof (42, 74). According to the invention, a space (78) is provided, at least in areas, between the planter (50, 54) and the building roof (42, 74) and can be flowed through by air or an exchange medium from the building (44).

Abstract: A method is provided for starting an internal combustion engine which includes a starter, an ignition, pressure store and injection valves for injecting fuel directly into the engine. An electrical high pressure pump is connected to an electrical fuel pump downstream thereof for pumping the fuel into the pressure store. The electrical fuel pump and the electrical high pressure pump are first switched on together with the ignition in order to generate a pressure in the pressure store adequate for the injection of the fuel. Then, the starter is switched on after a time duration after the electric fuel pump and the electrical high pressure fuel pump are switched on.

Abstract: A method for adjusting the torque in an internal combustion engine is introduced having the steps: determining a desired torque; determining an operating point from measured values for air charge and rpm; determining a standard torque for this operating point; determining a desired efficiency from standard torque and desired torque; determining the lambda corresponding to this efficiency; determining the fuel quantity from the corresponding lambda and the air charge derived from measurement quantities. The fuel quantity in combination with the air charge yields the corresponding lambda for realizing the desired torque.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine (1), especially for a motor vehicle, is described. The engine is provided with an injection valve (8) with which fuel can be injected directly into a combustion chamber (4) in a first operating mode during a compression phase or in a second mode of operation during an induction phase. A control apparatus (16) is provided for switching over between the two modes of operation and for the different control (open loop and/or closed loop) in the two modes of operation of the operating variables, which influence the outputted torque of the engine (1), in dependence upon a requested torque (mi). The fuel mass, which is to be injected in the first mode of operation, can be determined by the control apparatus (16) in dependence upon the operating parameters of the engine (1) which form the basis of the injections of the second operating mode.

Abstract: A fuel supply system (1) for an internal combustion engine, especially of a motor vehicle, is described which is provided with an accumulator (2) and a pump (6, 10). Fuel can be supplied to the accumulator (2) with the pump (6, 10). A control apparatus (16) is provided for controlling (open loop and/or closed loop) the pressure in the accumulator (2) by a pressure control valve (4). With the control apparatus (16), the pressure control valve (4) can be closed when the engine is intended to be started but no rotational movement is yet present.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine (1), especially for a motor vehicle, is described. The engine has an injection valve (8) with which fuel can be injected directly into a combustion chamber (4) either in a first operating mode during a compression phase or in a second operating mode during an induction phase. A control apparatus (16) is provided for switching over between the two modes of operation and for differently controlling (open loop and/or closed loop) the injection duration in the two modes of operation, the injection duration influencing the injected fuel mass. With the control apparatus (16), the injection duration (ti) can be influenced by a function with the switchover from the first operating mode (VH) into the second operating mode (SH).

Abstract: A fuel supply system for an internal combustion engine, in particular of a motor vehicle, is equipped with a pressure accumulator and a high-pressure pump with which fuel can be delivered to the pressure accumulator. Also provided is a control device with which at least the pressure in the pressure accumulator can be controlled. When the internal combustion engine is in coastdown (overrun) mode, the pump output of the high-pressure pump can be reduced.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for determining the actual torque of an internal combustion engine having gasoline direct injection. In the method, the torque of the engine is computed with a model in dependence upon operating variables. A value for the maximum torque, which would be achieved under standard conditions, is specified from a pregiven characteristic field in dependence upon operating variables which characterize an operating point of the engine. An efficiency is inputted for at least one torque-influencing actuating variable of the engine with the efficiency being formed in dependence upon a current or present value of the actuating variable and a standard value of the actuating variable. The maximum torque is corrected with the efficiency to determine the actual torque. The invention is also directed to an arrangement for determining the actual torque of the engine.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a control arrangement for a direct injected gasoline engine. A sensor detects at least one operating variable of the engine and an actuator adjusts the air supplied to the engine. A control unit switches the engine between a stratified charge mode of operation and a homogeneous mode of operation in dependence upon the one operating variable of the engine. The control unit drives the actuator so as to cause the actuator to undergo a defined displacement when the control unit switches between the modes of operation so that the torque of the engine is essentially the same before and after the switchover between the modes of operation.

Abstract: A control device for a direct-injection gasoline engine with sensors for operating parameters, a signal processing unit, as well as metering and actuating devices for at least fuel mass, fuel pressure, air mass, and ignition.

Abstract: Coke is produced from coal by coking the coal, and optionally by drying and/or preheating the coal prior to coking, and further optionally by dry cooling the coke subsequent to coking. At least the coking step is achieved in a pressure tight container which may be a transportable or tippable container. The coking step is performed in the container by conducting a gas through the container in direct or indirect heat exchange relationship with the coal and forming coke. The coking step includes a phase of lump coke formation achieved by heating the coal in a temperature range of between approximately 250.degree. and 600.degree. C. by indirect heat exchange only.

Abstract: A control system for internal combustion engines with externally supplied ignition and having a throttle valve in the air intake tube, a controllable bypass around the throttle valve and a fuel metering system, in which at least at predetermined operating states, a special fuel metering signal is formed in accordance with the control signal for the bypass opening and preferably also in accordance with the rpm. It is thereby possible to establish a supplementary air quantity and a supplementary fuel quantity independently of one another in individual operating ranges; this provides a great deal of freedom and makes it possible to attain quite various possible kinds of regulation, such as idling-rpm regulation, lambda regulation, engine smoothness regulation and fuel consumption regulations. For generating the special fuel metering signal, a performance graph is efficaciously used, by way of which various operating parameters, such as temperature, can be taken into account.

Abstract: A device is proposed for determining a fuel metering signal for an internal combustion engine comprising a tachometer, a load detector, as well as a storage element and a summing member. The load signal is preferably selected at certain times and then stored temporarily, wherafter the load signal is optionally corrected, multiplied with a time interval, and the sum total of the multiplication results represent a value with respect to the metering signal. Preferably, the signals are processed in a digital fashion, and the load signal is corrected after having been digitized. This is done because for example, in case of a hot-wire air flowmeter, there is no linearity between air flow (air mass flow) and the output signal of the air flowmeter.