Abstract: An optical waveguide device comprising: one or more photonic chips, the one or more photonic chips including: a first portion of a photonic chip comprising an array of first components, each of the first components having an optical input and an electrical output; and a second portion of a photonic chip comprising an array of second components, each of the second components configured to receive an electrical input; the optical waveguide device further comprising: an integrated circuit; the integrated circuit forming an electrical bridge between the electrical outputs of the first components and respective electrical inputs of the second components; wherein the integrated circuit is directly mounted onto the one or more photonic chips; and/or wherein the integrated circuit is located between the first portion of a photonic chip and the second portion of a photonic chip.

Abstract: An optical waveguide device comprising: one or more photonic chips, the one or more photonic chips including: a first portion of a photonic chip comprising an array of first components, each of the first components having an optical input and an electrical output; and a second portion of a photonic chip comprising an array of second components, each of the second components configured to receive an electrical input; the optical waveguide device further comprising: an integrated circuit; the integrated circuit forming an electrical bridge between the electrical outputs of the first components and respective electrical inputs of the second components; wherein the integrated circuit is directly mounted onto the one or more photonic chips; and/or wherein the integrated circuit is located between the first portion of a photonic chip and the second portion of a photonic chip.

Abstract: An optical waveguide device comprising: one or more photonic chips, the one or more photonic chips including: a first portion of a photonic chip comprising an array of first components, each of the first components having an optical input and an electrical output; and a second portion of a photonic chip comprising an array of second components, each of the second components configured to receive an electrical input; the optical waveguide device further comprising: an integrated circuit; the integrated circuit forming an electrical bridge between the electrical outputs of the first components and respective electrical inputs of the second components; wherein the integrated circuit is directly mounted onto the one or more photonic chips; and/or wherein the integrated circuit is located between the first portion of a photonic chip and the second portion of a photonic chip.

Abstract: An optical waveguide device comprising: one or more photonic chips, the one or more photonic chips including: a first portion of a photonic chip comprising an array of first components, each of the first components having an optical input and an electrical output; and a second portion of a photonic chip comprising an array of second components, each of the second components configured to receive an electrical input; the optical waveguide device further comprising: an integrated circuit; the integrated circuit forming an electrical bridge between the electrical outputs of the first components and respective electrical inputs of the second components; wherein the integrated circuit is directly mounted onto the one or more photonic chips; and/or wherein the integrated circuit is located between the first portion of a photonic chip and the second portion of a photonic chip.

Abstract: The S-enantiomer of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol is prepared by reaction of a chlorodeoxy-D-saccharide having the partial structure. ##STR1## to cleave the glycol, reduce the aldehyde so formed to an alcohol, and hydrolyse the alcohol under mild acidic conditions.

Abstract: Mono and di-esters of sucrose with long-chain fatty acids are prepared by reacting sucrose with an alkenyl ester of the fatty acid in a polar aprotic solvent under substantially water-free conditions.

Abstract: The process for the preparation of a surfactant mixture containing sucrose mono- and di-esters, by reacting a starting mixture including solid particulate sucrose, at least one triglyceride of a fatty acid having at least 8 carbon atoms and a basic transesterification catalyst, at a temperature of from 110.degree. to 140.degree. C. at atmospheric pressure and in the absence of any solvent, is improved by using a starting mixture which:(a) contains a di and/or mono-glyceride in an amount to provide a hydroxyl value of greater than 500 mg KOH/100g of starting mixture;(b) contains at least 10% by weight of a fatty acid soap in addition to the basic transesterification catalyst, at least 50% by weight of the soap being potassium soap, and(c) (when the soap content is less than 20% by weight) contains at least 25% by weight of sucrose.The improved process gives good yields in much shorter reaction times and the products have high HLB values.

Abstract: A male fertility-inhibiting composition in unit dosage form, contains as an active ingredient a 6-chlorodeoxy-saccharide containing a pyranose or furanose ring of the formula ##STR1## where A represents the remainder of the pyranose or furanose ring, and has the formula C.sub.4 H.sub.7 O.sub.4 X (where X represents a hydrogen atom or another pyranose or furanose ring) in association with a physiologically acceptable carrier or excipient. The saccharide preferably contains a pyranose ring or furanose ring of the formula ##STR2## Also a method of controlling fertility in men or male animals comprises administering thereto a 6-chlorodeoxy-saccharide as defined above.