Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrolyte solution and a secondary battery including the same. According to the present invention, the present invention has an effect of providing a secondary battery having improved charging efficiency and output due to low discharge resistance and having a long lifespan and excellent high-temperature capacity retention by suppressing gas generation and increase in thickness.

Abstract: A semiconductor memory device includes a lower stacked structure with lower metal lines on a substrate, an upper stacked structure with an upper metal line on the lower stacked structure, a vertical structure penetrating the upper and lower stacked structures and including a channel layer, a first cutting line through the upper and lower stacked structures, an upper supporter in a recess on the first cutting line, a second cutting line through the upper and lower stacked structures and spaced apart from the first cutting line, a sub-cutting line through the upper stacked structure while at least partially overlapping the vertical structure in the vertical direction, the sub-cutting line being between the first and second cutting lines, top surfaces of the upper supporter and sub-cutting line being coplanar, and a first interlayer insulating layer surrounding a sidewall of each of the upper supporter and the sub-cutting line.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrolyte solution and a secondary battery including the same. According to the present invention, the present invention has an effect of providing a secondary battery having improved charging efficiency and output due to low discharge resistance and having a long lifespan and excellent high-temperature capacity retention by suppressing gas generation and increase in thickness.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrolyte solution and a secondary battery including the same. According to the present invention, the present invention has an effect of providing a secondary battery having improved charging efficiency and output due to low discharge resistance and having a long lifespan and excellent high-temperature capacity retention by suppressing gas generation and increase in thickness.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrolyte solution and a secondary battery including the same. According to the present invention, the present invention has an effect of providing a secondary battery having improved charging efficiency and output due to low discharge resistance and having a long lifespan and excellent high-temperature capacity retention by suppressing gas generation and increase in thickness.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrolyte solution and a secondary battery including the same. According to the present invention, the present invention has an effect of providing a secondary battery having improved charging efficiency and output due to low discharge resistance and having a long lifespan and excellent high-temperature capacity retention by suppressing gas generation and increase in thickness.

Abstract: A sphere decoder sets a Euclidean distance between a lattice vector obtained by using an MMSE or ZF estimate and a received signal as an initial radius, further reduces the initial radius, and searches lattices points included inside a hypersphere with the further reduced initial radius. In addition, one lattice vector having a minimum Euclidean distance is output. One dimension is selected to reduce an initial radius, and estimates in other dimensions are kept fixed, excluding the selected dimension. Then candidate lattice points are searched in the selected dimension, excluding a current estimate, such that a minimum Euclidean distance and a lattice point estimate corresponding to the minimum Euclidean distance are obtained. The initial radius is updated by the minimum Euclidean distance, and a final lattice vector is constructed by combining a lattice point estimate corresponding to the initial radius and the lattice point estimates in other dimensions.

Abstract: A sphere decoder sets a Euclidean distance between a lattice vector obtained by using an MMSE or ZF estimate and a received signal as an initial radius, further reduces the initial radius, and searches lattices points included inside a hypersphere with the further reduced initial radius. In addition, one lattice vector having a minimum Euclidean distance is output. One dimension is selected to reduce an initial radius, and estimates in other dimensions are kept fixed, excluding the selected dimension. Then candidate lattice points are searched in the selected dimension, excluding a current estimate, such that a minimum Euclidean distance and a lattice point estimate corresponding to the minimum Euclidean distance are obtained. The initial radius is updated by the minimum Euclidean distance, and a final lattice vector is constructed by combining a lattice point estimate corresponding to the initial radius and the lattice point estimates in other dimensions.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for decoding a received signal at a receiver of a MIMO system are provided. The method includes calculating an initial estimate value and an initial radius of transmit symbols from the received signal; determining whether to reduce the initial radius according to SNR of the received signal; selecting the initial radius, if it is determined not to reduce the initial radius, or the reduced radius, if it is determined to reduce the initial radius; and selecting a lattice point having a minimum Euclidean distance to the received signal from lattice points within a high-dimensional sphere of the selected radius.