Abstract: A printed circuit board includes: a first insulating layer; a first metal layer disposed on one surface of the first insulating layer; a second metal layer disposed on the other surface facing the one surface of the first insulating layer; a via penetrating through the first insulating layer to connect the first and second metal layers to each other; and a heterogeneous metal region disposed in at least one of an area in which the via is adjacent to the first insulating layer and an area in which the via is adjacent to the first metal layer, and including a material different from that of the via, wherein the heterogeneous metal region includes at least one of nickel (Ni), silicon (Si), and titanium (Ti).

Abstract: A printed circuit board includes: a first insulating layer; a first metal layer disposed on one surface of the first insulating layer; a second metal layer disposed on the other surface facing the one surface of the first insulating layer; a via penetrating through the first insulating layer to connect the first and second metal layers to each other; and a heterogeneous metal region disposed in at least one of an area in which the via is adjacent to the first insulating layer and an area in which the via is adjacent to the first metal layer, and including a material different from that of the via, wherein the heterogeneous metal region includes at least one of nickel (Ni), silicon (Si), and titanium (Ti).

Abstract: A printed circuit board includes: an insulating layer having a via hole formed therein; a single layer metal pad disposed in the insulating layer and having a center portion that is exposed by the via hole, the center portion of the pad having a higher roughness than peripheral portions of the pad; and a via formed in the via hole and connected to the center portion of the pad.

Abstract: A printed circuit board including: an insulating material; a metal layer stacked on a surface of the insulating material; and a via hole passing through the metal layer and the insulating material. The metal layer decreases in thickness in a region adjacent to the via hole, and an interface between the insulating material and the metal layer includes a region that is directed toward the via hole.

Abstract: A printed circuit board includes: an insulating layer having a via hole formed therein; a single layer metal pad disposed in the insulating layer and having a center portion that is exposed by the via hole, the center portion of the pad having a higher roughness than peripheral portions of the pad; and a via formed in the via hole and connected to the center portion of the pad.

Abstract: A printed circuit board including: an insulating material; a metal layer stacked on a surface of the insulating material; and a via hole passing through the metal layer and the insulating material. The metal layer decreases in thickness in a region adjacent to the via hole, and an interface between the insulating material and the metal layer includes a region that is directed toward the via hole.

Abstract: A lithium secondary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte. The negative electrode includes a current collector, an active material layer on the current collector and including an amorphous silicon oxide represented by SiOx (0.95<x<1.7), and an SEI layer on the active material layer and including about 70 area % or more of protrusion parts having a size of about 5 nm to 300 nm during charging of the battery.

Abstract: In one aspect, a negative active material for a lithium secondary battery including silicon oxide represented by a chemical formula SiOx (1.1<x<1.5) and a negative electrode and a lithium secondary battery including the negative active material is provided. The silicon oxide may be amorphous silicon oxide.

Abstract: A lithium secondary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte. The negative electrode includes a current collector, an active material layer on the current collector and including an amorphous silicon oxide represented by SiOx (0.95<x<1.7), and an SEI layer on the active material layer and including about 70 area % or more of protrusion parts having a size of about 5 nm to 300 nm during charging of the battery.

Abstract: Provided are a negative active material for a rechargeable lithium battery, which includes a first silicon oxide (SiOx) and a second silicon oxide (SiOx) with a particle diameter differing from the one of the first silicon oxide (SiOx), a negative electrode including the negative active material, and a method of manufacturing the negative electrode, and a rechargeable lithium battery including the negative electrode. The first silicon oxide (SiOx) and second silicon oxide (SiOx) have a particle distribution peak area ratio ranging from 3 to 8.