Abstract: There is disclosed an ashtray kit comprising at least one strap, at least one ashtray configured to couple to the strap, wherein the ashtray has at least one prong. There is also at least one lighter holder. In at least one embodiment the ashtray further comprises at least one additional container. In at least one embodiment, the prong is substantially conical in shape. In at least one embodiment the strap comprises a hook and loop fastener. In at least one embodiment the strap is made from a fabric material. In at least one embodiment the strap further comprises notches. In at least one embodiment, the strap further comprises at least one catch. In at least one embodiment the kit comprises at least one adapter.

Abstract: An improved process for reducing the sulfur content of a flue gas derived from combination of a sulfur-containing fuel by inserting a dry sulfur sorbent material into the flue gas, then humidifying the sorbent-containing flue gas to enhance sulfur removal. The humidified flue gas is then subjected to electrostatic precipitation separation of solids, the first separated portion containing the highest unreacted sorbent values, which values are reinjected into the flue gas.

Abstract: An aqueous solution of an alkaline earth salt of a low molecular weight carboxylic acid, such as calcium formate, is sprayed into a sulfur dioxide containing flue gas upstream of a solids particulate separator in amount sufficient to produce a flue gas temperature at least about 10.degree. C. above its dew point at the separator.

Abstract: Flue gas is desulfurized by mixing into the combustion zone a finely divided sorbent such as calcium carbonate and, downstream of the mixing point, reactivating the sorbent by spraying the gaseous suspension with an aqueous solution of solubilizing agent such as a deliquescent compound or a strongly ionizing inorganic salt.

Abstract: Limestone is calcined by being suspended in hot gas produced by combustion of a low-carbon fuel to produce a quicklime of high surface area, which in one embodiment is used for flue gas desulfurization.

Abstract: Flue gas is desulfurized by mixing into it at a temperature between about 120.degree. and about 230.degree. C. a finely divided sorbent such as calcium hydroxide which has been reacted with an aqueous solution of solubilizing agent such as a deliquescent compound or a strongly ionizing inorganic salt and, immediately downstream of the mixing point, spraying water into the gaseous suspension. In one embodiment a portion of the solids separated from the flue gas are recycled for reuse as sorbent.

Abstract: Flue gases from two or more boilers are treated for reduction of their sulfur dioxide content by injecting as sorbent fine limestone or dolomite into one of the boilers, recovering a mixture of spent and calcined sorbent from the resulting flue gas, hydrating the resulting mixture to provide a dry slaked sorbent, and adding the dry slaked sorbent to sulfur-containing flue gas from a second boiler at a temperature of about 120.degree. to 230.degree. C.

Abstract: An aqueous solution of an alkaline earth salt of a low molecular weight carboxylic acid, such as calcium formate, is sprayed into a sulfur dioxide containing flue gas upstream of a solids particulate separator in amount sufficient to produce a flue gas temperature at least about 10.degree. C. above its dew point at the separator.

Abstract: Flue gas is desulfurized by mixing into it at a temperature between about 120.degree. and about 230.degree. C. a finely divided sorbent such as calcium hydroxide and, immediately downstream of the mixing point, spraying the gaseous suspension with an aqueous solution of solubilizing agent such as a deliquescent compound or a strongly ionizing inorganic salt. In one embodiment, make-up sorbent is derived from injection of limestone or dolomite into the combustion zone, and in another embodiment a portion of the solids separated from the flue gas is reactivated for reuse as sorbent.

Abstract: A reactor apparatus comprisinga reaction chamber having a wall, inlet means operatively connected to a methanol source, and outlet means connected to an internal combustion engine,inner fins along the chamber wall,dissociation catalyst material within the chamber,an outer housing surrounding the reaction chamber and having an inlet connected to the exhaust of the engine and an outlet, andcombustion catalyst within the space between the chamber wall and the outer housing.

Abstract: A method of cold starting an internal combustion engine operated on atomized liquid fuel after start up comprising the steps of:heating a vaporization means with an electrical resistance heating element,heating a catalytic dissociation reactor with an electrical resistance element,pumping liquid alcohol to said heated vaporization means to form a vaporized alcohol,conveying air and vaporized alcohol to said catalytic dissociation reactor wherein partial combustion of said vaporized alcohol occurs as well as dissociation of said vaporized alcohol to form a partial start up fuel mixture comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide,pumping liquid alcohol to an atomization means to form atomized liquid alcohol,adding said partial start up fuel mixture and said atomized liquid alcohol to form a complete start up fuel mixture,conveying said complete start up fuel mixture to said internal combustion engine,starting said internal combustion engine by igniting a mixture of air and complete start up fuel mixture therewithin

Abstract: A method of fuel treatment and distribution for an internal combustion engine including the sequence of steps as follows:(a) heating a catalyst bed reactor to a start-up temperature using exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine being operated on atomized alcohol; the catalyst bed reactor including a partial combustion catalyst and an alcohol dissociation catalyst;(b) vaporizing liquid alcohol to form alcohol vapor;(c) mixing the alcohol vapor with a fixed flow rate of air to form a partial combustion mixture, the flow rate being substantially fixed at about the flow rate required for adiabatic dissociation of the alcohol vapor at the flow rate of the alcohol vapor during idling of the internal combustion engine;(d) contacting the partial combustion mixture and the partial combustion catalyst and the dissociation catalyst to form a hydrogen-rich fuel;(e) mixing air and the hydrogen rich fuel to form a total combustion mixture;(f) burning the total combustion mixture in an internal combustion engine.

Abstract: A method of methyl alcohol treatment and distribution for an automobile internal combustion engine including the sequence of steps as follows:(a) heating a catalyst bed reactor to a start-up temperature using exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine being operated on atomized methyl alcohol; the catalyst bed reactor including a partial combustion catalyst and a methanol dissociation catalyst;(b) isolating the catalyst bed reactor from the exhaust;(c) vaporizing liquid methyl alcohol to form alcohol vapor;(d) mixing the alcohol vapor with air in a constant ratio of oxygen to alcohol at variable alcohol flow rates, to form a partial combustion mixture;(e) contacting the partial combustion mixture and the partial combustion catalyst to exothermically form dissociation mixtures the dissociation mixture including methanol vapor, water vapor, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen each in substantial proportion;(f) contacting the dissociation mixture and the dissociation catalyst to endothermically form hydrogen-rich

Abstract: A method of fuel treatment and distribution for an automobile internal combustion engine comprising the steps as follows:(a) vaporizing liquid alcohol to form alcohol vapor;(b) providing a substantial amount of engine exhaust heat to an endothermic reactor having an endothermic dissociation catalyst therein,(c) contacting said vapor and said endothermic dissociation catalyst for form a hydrogen-rich gaseous-vapor mixture,(d) mixing said hydrogen-rich gaseous-vapor mixture with air to form a partial combustion mixture,(e) operating an adiabatic reactor without a substantial amount of exhaust heat within an operational temperature range, said adiabatic reactor having a catalyst bed comprising a partial combustion catalyst and a dissociation catalyst,(f) contacting said partial combustion mixture and said partial combustion catalyst and said dissociation catalyst whereby a fuel mixture is formed.

Abstract: A method of fuel treatment and distribution for an internal combustion engine including the steps as follows:(a) operating an adiabatic reactor without a substantial amount of exhaust heat within an operational temperature range, the catalyst bed reactor including a partial combustion catalyst and a dissociation catalyst;(b) providing a substantial amount of engine exhaust heat to an endothermic reactor having an endothermic dissociation catalyst therein,(c) vaporizing liquid alcohol to form alcohol vapor;(d) mixing the alcohol vapor with air to form a partial combustion mixture;(e) contacting the partial combustion mixture and the partial combustion catalyst whereby a dissociation mixture is formed and heat is evolved;(f) contacting the dissociation mixture and the dissociation catalyst to form a hydrogen rich fuel;(g) contacting the hydrogen-rich fuel and the endothermic dissociation catalyst to form a fuel product whereby at least a portion of any residual undissociated alcohol in the hydrogen-rich fuel is

Abstract: Internal combustion engine fuel treatment including in sequence the steps as follows:providing a dual catalyst reactor having a dehydration catalyst and dissociation catalystproviding alcohol,vaporing the alcohol to form alcohol vapor,dehydrating a portion of the feed alcohol vapor over the dehydration catalyst to form a first gaseous mixture including ethers, residual alcohol vapor and water,dissociating the residual alcohol vapor over the dissociation catalyst, to form a second gaseous mixture including H.sub.2 and CO,conveying the second gaseous mixture to the internal combustion engine,whereby the engine is operated on the second gaseous mixture.

Abstract: In a system including an alcohol fuel container, a first catalyst containing reactor, an internal combustion engine, alcohol is passed from the container through the first reactor which contains dissociation catalyst. The alcohol is dissociated in the first reactor to form a combustible gaseous mixture comprising hydrogen. The hydrogen is then fed to the engine. The improvement includes passing alcohol through a second reactor containing dehydration catalyst to form ether. Then passing that ether to the engine for start-up. Thus, the engine may be started using a mixture of ether formed in the second reactor and alcohol and then operated using hydrogen formed in the first reactor.

Abstract: Cold start-up of a engine fueled by alcohol or hydrogen dissociated from alcohol by vaporizing alcohol in a first vaporizer contacting that vapor with methanation catalyst in a methanation reactor to form methane, passing methane and alcohol delivered through a by-pass conduit to the engine, starting the engine, vaporizing alcohol in a second vaporizer to form additional alcohol vapor, contacting the additional alcohol vapor and a dissociation catalyst in a dissociation reactor to form hydrogen and carbon monoxide, conveying the hydrogen and carbon monoxide to the engine.

Abstract: A process for the production of hydrogen and carbon monoxide comprising contacting methanol in the vapor phase with a catalyst at a temperature in the range of about 250.degree. to 900.degree. F., a pressure in the range of from 0.1 to 50 atmospheres absolute and a contact time of 0.1 to 100 seconds whereby hydrogen and carbon monoxide are formed, said catalyst comprising manganese, copper and chromium.

Abstract: A reactor and the use thereof for fueling an internal combustion engine.The reactor comprising a monolithic substrate and catalytic material,said monolithic substrate containing a plurality of substantially parallel channels, means being provided for charging a heat exchange fluid into said channels and recovering said heat exchange fluid from said channels, said monolithic substrate containing a plurality of passageways through said substrate generally parallel to said channels, said passageways being adapted to pass a reactant stream through said monolithic substrate and said passageways being larger in cross section and fewer in number than said channels, said catalytic material being supported within said passageways, as a coating on the passageway walls or as pellets.