Abstract: In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of treating a subject exposed to as toxic inhaled chemical, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of 2-mercaptoethane sulfonic acid, or a salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of tissue plasminogen activator. In some embodiments, the toxic inhaled chemical is sulfur mustard, methyl isocyanate, or a combination thereof.