Abstract: An ultraviolet (UV) sensitive photocathode includes a support structure, and an amorphous diamond-like carbon coating on the support structure. A method produces the UV sensitive photocathode. A UV sensitive detector is for measuring UV radiation and includes the UV sensitive photocathode.

Abstract: An ultraviolet flame detector (100) includes a housing (102) having an opening (103) at a first end (101a) of the housing (102), and a window structure (104) arranged to cover the opening (103) of the housing (102). A photocathode (106) is arranged to a second end (101b) of the housing (102) so that the photocathode (106) is facing inside the housing (102). An anode wire (108) is arranged between the window structure (104) and the photocathode (106). The anode wire (108) is configured to travel transversally across the housing (102). The ultraviolet flame detector (102) is filled with a gas.

Abstract: A shield device (100) is for covering a radiation window (502). The shield device (100) includes a support structure (102) with an opening (106), and a flexible foil (104) covering at least the opening (106) of the support structure (102). The foil (104) includes carbon nanotubes in a form of a network (202) and the foil (104) is configured to allow radiation to pass through the foil (104) at least partly and to prevent objects (302) to pass through the foil (104). A radiation arrangement (500) includes a shield device (100), and a method is for producing a shield device (100) for a radiation window (502).

Abstract: An ultraviolet flame detector (100) includes a housing (102) having an opening (103) at a first end (101a) of the housing (102), and a window structure (104) arranged to cover the opening (103) of the housing (102). A photocathode (106) is arranged to a second end (101b) of the housing (102) so that the photocathode (106) is facing inside the housing (102). An anode wire (108) is arranged between the window structure (104) and the photocathode (106). The anode wire (108) is configured to travel transversally across the housing (102). The ultraviolet flame detector (102) is filled with a gas.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gas drift detector (100) comprising: a chamber formed by: a housing (102) having a first end and a second end; a radiation window (104) arranged to cover an opening of the first end of the housing (102); and a substrate (106) arranged to cover an opening of the second end of the housing (102), an anode (110) arranged to the substrate (106), one or more conductive rings (108) arranged on a surface (106a) of the substrate facing inside the chamber, and an amplifier (112) arranged to the opposite surface (106b) of the substrate than the conductive rings (108). The amplifier (112) is electrically connected to the anode (110). The chamber is filled with a gas.

Abstract: Disclosed is a radiation window structure. The radiation window structure including a substrate made of silicon nitride and a coating layer grown from a vapor phase on outer surface of the substrate. Also disclosed is a method for manufacturing a radiation window structure.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gas drift detector (100) comprising: a chamber formed by: a housing (102) having a first end and a second end; a radiation window (104) arranged to cover an opening of the first end of the housing (102); and a substrate (106) arranged to cover an opening of the second end of the housing (102), an anode (110) arranged to the substrate (106), one or more conductive rings (108) arranged on a surface (106a) of the substrate facing inside the chamber, and an amplifier (112) arranged to the opposite surface (106b) of the substrate than the conductive rings (108). The amplifier (112) is electrically connected to the anode (110). The chamber is filled with a gas.

Abstract: For manufacturing a radiation window for an X-ray measurement apparatus, an etch stop layer is first produced on a polished surface of a carrier. A thin film deposition technique is used to produce a boron carbide layer on an opposite side of the etch stop layer than the carrier. The combined structure including the carrier, the etch stop layer, and the boron carbide layer is attached to a region around an opening in a support structure with the boron carbide layer facing the support structure. The middle area of carrier is etched away, leaving an additional support structure.

Abstract: A radiation window foil for an X-ray radiation window comprises a mesh that defines a number of openings (902), said mesh having a first side surface (903) and a second side surface (904). A layer (906) spans said openings. Said layer (906) is on the first side of the mesh but spans said openings at a level closer to the second side surface (904) of the mesh than the first side surface (903) of the mesh.

Abstract: For manufacturing a radiation window for an X-ray measurement apparatus, an etch stop layer is first produced on a polished surface of a carrier. A thin film deposition technique is used to produce a boron carbide layer on an opposite side of the etch stop layer than the carrier. The combined structure including the carrier, the etch stop layer, and the boron carbide layer is attached to a region around an opening in a support structure with the boron carbide layer facing the support structure. The middle area of carrier is etched away, leaving an additional support structure.

Abstract: For manufacturing a radiation window for an X-ray measurement apparatus, and etch stop layer is first produced on a polished surface of a carrier. A thin film deposition technique is used to produce a structural layer on an opposite side of said etch stop layer than said carrier. The combined structure comprising said carrier, said etch stop layer, and said structural layer is attached to a region around an opening in a support structure with said structural layer facing said support structure. The carrier is etched away.

Abstract: In a method for manufacturing a radiation window there is produced a layered structure where an etch stop layer exists between a carrier and a solid layer. A blank containing at least a part of each of the carrier, the etch stop layer, and the solid layer is attached to a radiation window frame. At least a part of what of the carrier was contained in the blank is removed, thus leaving a foil attached to the radiation window frame, wherein the foil contains at least a part of each of the etch stop layer and the solid layer.

Abstract: A semiconductor radiation detector includes a solid-state X-ray photon detector having a radiation entry side and a back side, and an electron detector adjacent to the radiation entry side of the X-ray photon detector.

Abstract: A wavelength dispersive crystal spectrometer for obtaining an energy band from an energy spectrum includes a plurality of crystal planes stacked on top of each other, wherein each of the crystal planes is made of pyrolytic graphite. Moreover, an X-ray fluorescence device including the crystal spectrometer and a method for obtaining an energy band from an energy spectrum in a X-ray fluorescence analysis are also described.

Abstract: A radiation detector assembly and a method for using the same are provided. The radiation detector assembly includes an aperture, a window covering the aperture, the window is configured to permit radiation to pass through, the window is configured to prevent the passage of fluids and particles through the aperture, and a protective device covers the window. The protective device includes a plurality of holes at least partially aligned with the aperture, is configured to permit at least some radiation to pass through the holes, is configured to prevent objects larger than the holes to contact the window and is configured to withstand external forces and prevent those forces from damaging the window.

Abstract: An X-ray tube includes a cathode, an anode with an electron receiving surface, and a window facing the electron receiving surface of the anode. On the electron receiving surface of the anode it includes a layer of anode material. Deeper in the anode than the layer of anode material, there is a block of attenuator material. The atomic number of the attenuator material is less than one third of the atomic number of the anode material.

Abstract: An electron source of an X-ray fluorescence analyser includes a photon source (201) and a photoelectric converter (203, 204) for converting photons into electrons. An electron multiplier (203, 204) multiplies the electrons, and a focusing element (206, 207) focuses them to a beam. A gastight casing (209) encloses the photoelectric converter and the electron multiplier (203, 204). An electron-transparent membrane (213) covers a first opening in the casing at a location where the focused electron beam is directed out of the casing.

Abstract: In a method for manufacturing a radiation window there is produced a layered structure where an etch stop layer exists between a carrier and a solid layer. A blank containing at least a part of each of the carrier, the etch stop layer, and the solid layer is attached to a radiation window frame. At least a part of what of the carrier was contained in the blank is removed, thus leaving a foil attached to the radiation window frame, wherein the foil contains at least a part of each of the etch stop layer and the solid layer.

Abstract: A radiation detector assembly and a method for using the same are provided. The radiation detector assembly includes an aperture, a window covering the aperture, the window is configured to permit radiation to pass through, the window is configured to prevent the passage of fluids and particles through the aperture, and a protective device covers the window. The protective device includes a plurality of holes at least partially aligned with the aperture, is configured to permit at least some radiation to pass through the holes, is configured to prevent objects larger than the holes to contact the window and is configured to withstand external forces and prevent those forces from damaging the window.

Abstract: A radiation window foil for an X-ray radiation window comprises a mesh that defines a number of openings (902), said mesh having a first side surface (903) and a second side surface (904). A layer (906) spans said openings. Said layer (906) is on the first side of the mesh but spans said openings at a level closer to the second side surface (904) of the mesh than the first side surface (903) of the mesh.