Abstract: A method of self-assembly of components on a surface of a substrate includes obtaining a first component and a second component. The first component type is assembled onto the substrate by programming the surface. The second component type is assembled by reprogramming the surface. A third component, next to the first and second components, is assembled following the step of assembling the first and second components. The first, second, and third components are all different types of components. docking sites on the substrate can be used that contain alignment pedestals. One component delivery system employ a liquid-liquid interface to deliver and concentrate components with correct pre-orientation.

Abstract: Self-assembly of components carried in a fluid is provided. A first component and a second component are obtained and self-assembled together. A third component is obtained and assembled with the first and second components, following the step of assembling the first and second components. The first, second and third components are all different types of components.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for use in depositing electrical charge and/or nanoparticles is provided. A stamping process is used in which a stamp having a flexible layer such as a flexible semiconductor layer applies a charge pattern on a substrate. Other techniques include lithographic patterning, the use of pre-patterned dissimilar materials, deposition by ions or radiation, the use of differing work functions, the use of liquid phase materials. Deposition monitoring techniques and apparatuses are also provided.