Abstract: A method of determining volume flow rate of a bodily fluid in a biological conduit includes determining a cross-sectional area of a biological conduit using a velocity vector map representing moving entities or moving fluid portions in a bodily fluid flowing within the biological conduit, calculating an average speed of the moving entities or moving fluid portions in the bodily fluid flowing across the determined cross-sectional area of the biological conduit, and calculating volume flow rate of the bodily fluid in the biological conduit from the determined cross-sectional area and the calculated instantaneous or average speed. A series of velocity vector maps may be collected over time so as to generate a flow rate profile representing flow rate as a function of time.

Abstract: A method of determining volume flow rate of a bodily fluid in a biological conduit includes determining a cross-sectional area of a biological conduit using a velocity vector map representing moving entities or moving fluid portions in a bodily fluid flowing within the biological conduit, calculating an average speed of the moving entities or moving fluid portions in the bodily fluid flowing across the determined cross-sectional area of the biological conduit, and calculating volume flow rate of the bodily fluid in the biological conduit from the determined cross-sectional area and the calculated instantaneous or average speed. A series of velocity vector maps may be collected over time so as to generate a flow rate profile representing flow rate as a function of time.

Abstract: The element is disposed in a vessel receiving a fluid flow. The vessel wall is porous at least for a proportion of the fluid and bounds an inner chamber communicating through the vessel wall with a chamber outside the vessel. The element is in the shape of a plate or tube and is so devised that the porous wall either on its own or in combination with other similarly shaped elements to form a module, forms a turbulence generator particularly in the form of a static mixer for the fluid flow. The resulting turbulence on the wall of the elements ensures that the wall remains porous.

Abstract: The dynamic pressure filter is constructed with a plurality of coaxially disposed rotor sectors and stator sectors. Filter surfaces are mounted on each of the sectors to define annular filter chambers for receiving a suspension to be filtered under pressure. In addition, vortex breakers are provided at the downstream end of each filter chamber for destroying the flow structure of the suspension prior to flow into the downstream filter chamber.

Abstract: The fermentation system is provided with a separating section in which a plurality of vertically disposed inserts are positioned to form narrow upwardly directed passages for the flow of the fermentation mixture. The inserts serve to impart high shear forces on the mixture so as to reduce the viscosity of the mixture and thus release the gas in the form of bubbles. A collecting chamber is provided to collect the gas and the chamber is vented for the removal of the gas from the fermentation circuit.