Abstract: A process for preparing 4-substituted 2-alkylbiphenyls and 2-alkoxybiphenyls of the formula (I),

Abstract: A process for preparing 4-substituted 2-alkylbiphenyls and 2-alkoxybiphenyls of the formula (I), 1

Abstract: The novel two-stage process described here makes it possible to obtain substituted benzyl compounds and toluene derivatives in a simple manner and in high yields by means of Suzuki-type coupling reactions of an aromatic with an organoboron compound, followed by a reduction. The process is particularly useful for preparing ortho-substituted benzyl compounds and toluene derivatives. The process can be applied to both intermolecular and intramolecular coupling reactions. Catalysts used for the coupling reaction are palladium compounds and/or nickel compounds. An advantageous aspect is that only very small amounts of catalyst are required.

Abstract: A 5% strength by weight to saturated aqueous solution of N-(2-sulfatoethyl)piperazine sulfate, having a pH of between 4 and 0, can be used to modify fiber material.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of N-(2-sulfatoethyl)-piperazine in high purity, which comprises reacting N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine in a mixture of highly--or relatively highly--concentrated sulfuric acid and oleum or chlorosulfonic acid at temperatures of from about 80.degree. to about 250.degree. C., transferring the resulting sulfonation mixture to a water-miscible aliphatic alcohol, isolating the N-(2-sulfatoethyl)piperazine sulfate formed, treating the N-(2-sulfatoethyl)piperazine sulfate, still moist with alcohol, at temperatures of from about 35.degree. to about 90.degree. C. with a basic compound in a mixture of a (C.sub.1 -C.sub.2)-alkanol and water, separating off the precipitated sulfate of the basic compound employed, and isolating the N-(2-sulfatoethyl)piperazine formed, by the addition of (C.sub.1 -C.sub.2)-alkanol.

Abstract: Preparation of N-(2-sulfatoethyl)piperazine sulfate by reacting N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine in a mixture of high- or relatively high-percentage sulfuric acid and oleum or chlorosulfonic acid at temperatures of about 80.degree. C. to about 250.degree. C., introducing the sulfation mixture formed into a water-miscible aliphatic alcohol and isolating the N-(2-sulfatoethyl)piperazine sulfate formed.

Abstract: 2-Nitro-3,6-dichlorophenol is prepared by sulfonation of 2,5-dichlorophenol and subsequent nitration and desulfonation, in which the nitration is carried out by metering in a nitrating acid composed of 98 to 100% strength nitric acid and 96 to 100% strength sulfuric acid at temperatures from -15.degree. to 35.degree. C. and a metering time of at least 1 hour.