Abstract: The invention relates to a computer application in the field of control, monitoring, modification and/or optimization of processes which comprise real process sequences of discrete events, so-called “discrete event dynamic systems”, which cannot usually be described by systems of (differential) equations. Such processes occur for example in technical developments as well as in other business activities in the industrial or tertiary sector. Such a real process is reflected in a process model which is connected to the real process via at least one interface. If the interface(s) is/are bi-directional, real process data can be transmitted into the model directly, i.e. without data conversion, and thus the real process can be monitored; in the model, simulations can be carried out with changed process data; and finally if the result of the simulation is successful, process modifications can be transferred directly to the real process.

Abstract: This invention relates to the structure and design of a method and a system for designing and implementing Web and similar applications in an automated, computerized way, in particular without any computer programming. In principle, this is achieved by literally drawing a process model expressing what the desired Web application should do, then preferably simulating and/or testing the desired application, and finally automatically enabling the application by using the process model as the controlling engine of the designed application. The latter is done by uploading the designed process model to a server or computer network thus implementing it as run-time application. No other workflow system or similar additional software nor any special hardware is required.

Abstract: In a circuit at least one of the signals (u?t! or i?t!) is transmitted to a signal input of a sigma-delta modulator operated at a first clock frequency (1/T.sub.S) the output of which is connected to at least one of two signal inputs of a multiplication/addition element (3). The arrangement is used for example in electricity counters and makes it possible to calculate sums of products by means of simple shift and algebraic adding operations while maintaining closely the precision achievable with a classic multiplication. The arrangement is especially advantageous if the multiplications are done on a semiconductor chip.

Abstract: An arrangement for electrical measurement ascertains "subordinate" quantities, and is also "main" quantities with great accuracy and safety against falsification. An active energy to be measured is a main quantity, and a subordinate quantity is at least one of the following quantities: effective value of the voltage (u.sub.N) or of the current (i.sub.N), volt hours, volt square hours, ampere hours, ampere square hours, active power, reactive power, reactive energy, apparent output, apparent energy or power factor. The arrangement may comprise a voltage sensor (8), a voltage/current-converter (9), a multiplier (10), a current/voltage-converter (11), two analog/digital-converts (12 and 15), a signal/frequency-converter (13), a counter (14), an interface circuit (4), and an indicator (7), wherein the current/voltage-converter (11) consists of a constant current source (16) and a further multiplier (17).

Abstract: A memory device for digital electronic signals includes at least one micro-mechanical memory element. The memory element includes a support having recess defined therein and a curved mechanical component bridging the recess and fixed to the support. The mechanical component has two stable positions, each of which being maintained by mechanical forces, one concave down towards the support and the other convex up away from the support. The mechanical component is adapted to be selectively changed from one stable position to the other stable position during a writing cycle and to have its stable position determined during a reading cycle so that the memory element can be used for storing binary logic information.

Abstract: A circuit which compensates for fluctuations in the transfer characteristic of a magnetic field sensor is disclosed. More particularly, an auxiliary magnetic field is generated preferably by a coil which is connected to a voltage generator by way of a voltage/current transducer. The auxiliary magnetic field along with the magnetic field to be measured is detected by the magnetic field sensor. The portion of the sensor output signal due to the auxiliary magnetic field is correlated with the voltage produced by the voltage generator by means of a correlator circuit. If the portion of the magnetic field sensor output due to the auxiliary magnetic field is not properly correlated with the signal from the voltage generator a feedback signal is sent to the magnetic field sensor to adjust the transfer characteristic.

Abstract: The magnetic field sensor is composed of a semiconductor magnetic field sensor, for example a magnetotransistor, and at least one NiFe or NiCo film disposed upon its surface. This film functions as a zero-crossing switch utilizing its magnetic induction/magnetic field-reversal hysteresis properties. The film is deposited immediately above the field sensitive zone of the magnetic field sensor with its easy axis oriented perpendicularly to the direction of current flow of the sensor. The semiconductor magnetic field sensor detects the magnetic induction generated by the film.

Abstract: A compensated measurement transducer for measuring a first current generates a first magnetic field of a predetermined direction which flows in a first circuit including a first conductor; a second current substantially similar to the first current is generated in a second circuit and the first current is measured by obtaining the value of the second current. The second circuit includes a compensating current conductor, which generates a second magnetic field, compensating the first magnetic field, a Wheatstone bridge to which both magnetic fields are applied, and an amplifier connected to the output of the Wheatstone bridge, and coupled to the compensating current conductor. An auxiliary magnetic field is applied to the Wheatstone bridge, which is connected to a current- or voltage-source, and includes four ferromagnetic and magnetoresistive thin film.

Abstract: A transducer free of any magnetic core for contactless measurement of a current includes an electrically conducting strip adapted to carry the current in a predetermined direction. The current thus generates a first primary magnetic field which has a direction at right angles to the predetermined direction near one side of the strip, and a second primary magnetic field near the other side of the strip, which has a direction opposite to the predetermined direction. A first magnetic field sensor near one side measures the first primary magnetic field and provides a first output signal, and a second magnetic field sensor near the other side of the strip measures the second primary magnetic field, and provides a second output signal. A circuit connected to the first and second magnetic field sensor processes the first and second output signals, and generates an output signal proportional to the measured current.

Abstract: In an apparatus for the measurement of electrical power, including a multiplier which receives on an input thereof an electrical signal proportional to the voltage component of the electrical power, and which is subjected to an external magnetic field proportional to the current component of the electrical power, an auxiliary magnetic field is applied to the multiplier. The multiplier is a Wheatstone bridge including four ferromagnetic and magnetoresistive thin films, and the magnetic fields have a direction along the direction of the hard magnetic axes of each of the thin films. The thin films are so positioned that the magnetization of two electrically oppositely disposed thin films resulting from the application of the external magnetic field thereto is rotated in a direction opposite to that of the correspondingly resulting magnetization of the remaining thin films, following application of the auxiliary magnetic field to the films.

Abstract: A measuring transformer comprises a measuring conductor carrying the current I.sub.m to be measured, a pre-magnetizing winding which carries a pre-magnetizing current I.sub.v, and a magnetic field comparing means which is exposed to the magnetic field produced by the current I.sub.m and the magnetic field produced by the pre-magnetizing current I.sub.v and is alternately controlled in both directions of saturation. The magnetic field comparing means is a magnetic film which may be anisotropic, operated in the magnetic preferential direction, and have a thickness of at most a few microns. It may be secured to pole shoes of a magnetic core or arranged between a flat measuring conductor and a pre-magnetizing coil of flat cross-section. The measuring transformer can be used as an input transformer in a static electricity meter. In a further embodiment, the output pulses can be obtained directly from the magnetic field comparing means.

Abstract: In a magnetoresistive current detector, which includes a conductor carrying a current to be measured, which in turn generates an external magnetic field, four bridge elements are connected to one another so as to constitute a Wheatstone bridge. The Wheatstone bridge is adapted to be fed by a supply current from a current- or voltage-source and includes two pairs of ferromagnetic and magnetoresistive thin films which have hard and easy axes, respectively, and each thin film constitutes a respective bridge element. The thin films of each pair are magnetostatically coupled to one another, so that the portion of the supply current flowing in each thin film of each pair generates an auxiliary magnetic field, which has a direction along the hard magnetic axis of the other thin film of the same pair.

Abstract: A current-measurement transducer comprises a thin-film magnetic coil for passing an alternating premagnetizing current, generating an alternating premagnetizing field, and a magnetic-field comparator which includes first and second magnetic anisotropic films disposed in respective substantially parallel planes. Each film is composed of ferromagnetic and magnetoresistive material, and defines a magnetic easy axis, along which the film is relatively easily magnetizable, and a magnetic hard axis, at right angles to the easy axis, along which the film is harder to magnetize than along the easy magnetic axis. A non-magnetic and electrically at least poorly conducting layer separates the films, and the films are coupled to one another sufficiently tightly so that a current passing in one magnetic film generates an auxiliary magnetic field along the hard magnetic axis of the other magnetic film.

Abstract: A measuring transformer comprises a measuring conductor carrying the current I.sub.m to be measured, a pre-magnetizing winding which carries a pre-magnetizing current I.sub.v, and a magnetic field comparing means which is exposed to the magnetic field produced by the current I.sub.m and the magnetic field produced by the pre-magnetizing current I.sub.v and is alternately controlled in both directions of saturation. The magnetic field comparing means is a magnetic film which may be anisotropic, operated in the magnetic preferential direction, and have a thickness of at most a few microns. It may be secured to pole shoes of a magnetic core or arranged between a flat measuring conductor and a pre-magnetizing coil of flat cross-section. The measuring transformer can be used as an input transformer in a static electricity meter. In a further embodiment, the output pulses can be obtained directly from the magnetic field comparing means.

Abstract: A flexible ammunition channel comprising a multiplicity of elements connected with one another by hinges or pivots. The side walls of the ammunition channel, which are directed perpendicular to the bending plane of such ammunition channel, are constituted by flexible guide elements extending through the individual elements of the ammunition channel. The ammunition is precisely guided with small resistance against forward feed or advance thereof.

Abstract: A method and device for identifying documents. A multiplicity of machine-readable markings which characteristically modify incident light by diffraction or refraction are applied to the documents, and selected markings are then cancelled out, the remaining markings representing coded information. The markings are of at least two different kinds causing different modification of incident light, and are arranged in a characteristic configuration on the documents. Information about said configuration is stored in an identification device to permit checking of the remaining markings.

Abstract: A measuring transformer comprises a measuring conductor carrying the current I.sub.m to be measured, a pre-magnetizing winding which carries a pre-magnetizing current I.sub.v, and a magnetic field comparing means which is exposed to the magnetic field produced by the current I.sub.m and the magnetic field produced by the pre-magnetizing current I.sub.v and is alternately controlled in both directions of saturation. The magnetic field comparing means is a magnetic film which may be anisotropic, operated in the magnetic preferential direction, and have a thickness of at most a few microns. It may be secured to pole shoes of a magnetic core or arranged between a flat measuring conductor and a pre-magnetizing coil of flat cross-section. The measuring transformer can be used as an input transformer in a static electricity meter. In a further embodiment, the output pulses can be obtained directly from the magnetic field comparing means.